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Class _itIU=3JLS" 

Book_^/_3 

Copyright N? 



COPYRIGHT DEPOSm 



Wartime Changes in Wages 



September, 1914 — March, 1919 



Research Report Number 20 
September, 1919 



National Industrial 
Conference Board 



Monograph 



National Industrial Conference Board 

15 BEACON STREET, BOSTON, MASS. 

BRANCH OFFICE 
724 SOUTHERN BUILDING, WASHINGTON, D. C. 



THE National Industrial Conference Board is a co-operative 
body composed of representatives of national and state in- 
dustrial associations, and closely allied engineering societies ot a 
national character, and is organized to provide a clearing house 
of information, a forum for constructive discussion, and ma- 
chinery for co-operative action on matters that vitally attect 
the industrial development of the nation. 

Frederick P. Fish Chairman 

Frederic C. Hood Treasurer 

Magnus W. Alexander Managing Director 



MEMBERSHIP 

American Cotton Manufacturers' Association 

American Hardware Manufacturers' Association 

American Paper and Pulp Association 

American Society of Mechanical Engineers 

Electrical Manufacturers' Club 

Manufacturing Chemists' Association of the U. b. 

National Association of Cotton Manufacturers 

National Association on Finishers of Cotton Fabrics 

National Association of Manufacturers 

National Association of Wool Manufacturers 

National Automobile Chamber of Commerce 

National Boot and Shoe Manufacturers' Association 

National Council for Industrial Defense 

National Electric Light Association 

National Erectors' Association 

National Founders' Association 

National Implement and Vehicle Association 

National Metal Trades Association 

Rubber Association of America, Inc. 

Silk Association of America 

The Railway Car Manufacturers' Association 

United Typothet/e of America 

ASSOCIATE MEMBERSHIP 

Associated Industries of Massachusetts 
Associated Manufacturers and Merchants 

of New York State 
Illinois Manufacturers' Association, 



X 



WARTIME CHANGES IN WAGES 



September, 1914 — March, 1919 



Research Report Number 20 
September, 1919 



Copyright 1919 




National Industrial Conference Board 

15 Beacon Street 
Boston, Mass. 



£ 



t$V 



DEC -2 1919 



©CI.A536783 



CONTENTS 



PAGE 

Foreword xiii 



Chapter I. 
II. 
III. 
IV. 
V. 



Introduction 

Metal Manufacturing Industries 
Cotton Manufacturing Industry 



1 

6 

22 



Wool Manufacturing Industry 34 

Silk Manufacturing Industry 49 

VI. Boot and Shoe Manufacturing Industry 60 

VII. Paper Manufacturing Industry 74 

VIII. Rubber Manufacturing Industry .... 85 

IX. Chemical Manufacturing Industry ... 93 

X. Wages and the Cost of Living 100 

XI. General Summary 107 

Appendix. Comparisons with Collateral Data 124 



in 



LIST OF TABLES 



.ETAL 


1V1A 


NUFACTURING 1NDUST 


ries (,Lmapt 


sr llj 








PAGE 


Table 1 


: Total Payroll Data 




Males 


1914 to 


1919 


12 


a 


2 


a a a 




Females 


a 


a 


a 


12 


a 


3 


: Machinists 


Timework 


Males 


tt 


a 


a 


12 


tt 


4 


: Toolmakers 


a 


a 


tt 


tt 


tt 


12 


tt 


5 


: Molders 


a 


a 


a 


a 


a 


12 


a 


6 


a 


Piecework 


a 


a 


tt 


a 


12 


tt 


7 


: Core Makers 


Timework 


a 


a 


a 


a 


13 


tt 


8 


a a 


Piecework 


it 


a 


a 


tt 


13 


a 


9 


: Blacksmiths 


Timework 


a 


a 


tt 


tt 


13 


a 


10 


: Pattern Makers 


a 


a 


a 


a 


a 


13 


it 


11 


: Machine Operators 


a 


a 


it 


a 


tt 


13 


a 


12 


a a 


Piecework 


a 


a 


a 


a 


13 


it 


13 


: Assemblers 


Timework 


a 


tt 


a 


a 


14 


a 


14 


a 


Piecework 


tt 


a 


a 


a 


14 


a 


15 


: Foundry Labor 


Timework 


a 


a 


a 


a 


14 


n 


16 


: Unskilled Labor 


a 


a 


a 


a 


a 


14 


a 


17 


: Total Payroll Data 




n 


1918 


and 1919 


15 


tt 


18 


it a a 




Females 


a 


a 


a 


15 


a 


19 


: Machinists 


Timework 


Males 


a 


a 


tt 


15 


a 


20 


: Toolmakers 


a 


a 


it 


a 


a 


15 


it 


21 


: Molders 


a 


a 


a 


a 


a 


15 


a 


22 


a 


Piecework 


a 


a 


a 


tt 


15 


a 


23 


: Core Makers 


Timework 


a 


a 


tt 


a 


15 


a 


24 


a a 


Piecework 


a 


a 


a 


tt 


15 


a 


25 


: Blacksmiths 


Timework 


a 


tt 


tt 


tt 


16 


a 


26 


: Pattern Makers 


a 


a 


a 


a 


tt 


16 


a 


27 


: Machine Operators 


a 


tt 


a 


a 


a 


16 


a 


28 


a a 


Piecework 


tt 


a 


a 


a 


16 


a 


29 


: Assemblers 


Timework 


a 


a 


a 


a 


16 


a 


30 


: Foundry Labor 


a 


a 


a 


it 


tt 


16 


a 


31 


: Unskilled Labor 


a 


a 


a 


it 


a 


16 


)TTON 


Ma 


NUFACTURING INDUSTRY (Chapter 


III) 










Table 


1 


Total Payroll Data 




Males 


1914 


to 1919 


27 


a 


2 


a a a 




Females 


a 


a 


tt 


27 


a 


3 


Opening and 


















Picking 


Timework 


Males 


1914 t 


1919 


27 


a 


4 


Carding 


a 


a 


a 


a 


a 


27 


a 


5 


a 


Piecework 


a 


a 


a 


a 


27 


a 


6 


Spinning 


Timework 


a 


a 


a 


a 


27 


a 


7 


a 


Piecework 


it 


a 


a 


a 


28 


a 


8 


Spooling, Warping 


















and Twisting 


Timework 


a 


tt 


a 


a 


28 


a 


9 


Weaving 


a 


a 


a 


a 


a 


28 



LIST OF TABLES (continued) 



Cotton Manufacturing Industry (Chapter III) — continued 

Table 10: Weaving Piecework Males 1914 to 

Loom-fixing Timework " " 

Misc. Unskilled Labor Timework " " 



1919 



11: 
12: 
13: 
14: 
15: 
16: 
17: 
18: 



20 
21 

22 



Carding 
it 

Drawing 
Spinning 



Spooling, Warping 
and Twisting 
19: Spooling, Warping 
and Twisting 



Weaving 

tt 

Misc. Unskilled 
Labor 



Females 



Piecework 

Timework 
a 

Piecework 

Timework 

Piecework 
Timework 
Piecework 

Timework 



PAGE 

28 
28 
28 
29 
29 
29 
29 
29 

29 

30 
30 
30 

30 



Wool Manufacturing Industry (Chapter IV) 



Table 1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 



9 

10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 

17: 

18 
19 
20 
21 
22 
23 
24 
25 



Total Payroll Data 

a a it 

Sorting 

Carding 

Spinning 
it 

Reeling, Winding 

and Spooling 

Weaving 
n 

Dyeing 
Finishing 
Unskilled Labor 
Carding 
Spinning 

tt 

Reeling, Winding 
and Spooling 

Reeling, Winding 
and Spooling 

Drawing 

Weaving 

Finishing 

a 

Total Payroll Data 

a a a 

Carding 
Spinning 



Piecework 

Timework 
a 

Piecework 

Timework 
a 

Piecework 
Timework 



Piecework 

Timework 

Piecework 

Timework 

Piecework 

Timework 

Piecework 

Males 

Females 

Males 



Males 1914 to 1919 
Females " " " 
Males 



Females 



a a a 

a a a 

a a a 

a a a 

it a a 

a a a 

a a a 

a a tt 

a tt a 

tt a a 

a a tt 

a a a 

a a a 



39 
39 
39 
39 
39 
39 

40 
40 
40 
40 
40 
40 
41 
41 
41 

41 



it 


a 


a 


41 


a 


a 


a 


41 


a 


a 


a 


42 


a 


a 


a 


42 


a 


a 


a 


42 



Sup. Data 1914 to 1918 44 

it a a a a a a 

a a a a a a a 

a a tt a a a a 



VI 



LIST OF TABLES {continued) 



Wool Manufacturing Industry (Chapter IV) — continued page 

Table 26: Weaving Males and Females Sup. Data 1914 to 1918 44 

27: Loom-fixing Males " " " " " 44 

28: Carding Females " " " " " 45 

" 29: Spinning " " " " " " 45 

" 30: Burlers " " " " " " 45 

31: Menders " " " " " " 45 



Silk Manufacturing Industry (Chapter V) 



Table 



9 
10 
11 



Total Payroll Data 

Warping 

Weaving 
it 

Mis. Unskilled 

Labor 
Winding 

Quilling 

Warping 
Weaving 



Timework 
it 

Piecework 

Timework 
Timework 
Piecework 
Timework 
Piecework 



Males 

Females 

Males 



1914 to 1919 



Females 



Boot and Shoe Manufacturing 
Table 1: Total Payroll Data 



2 
3 

4: 

5: 

6: 

7 
8 
9 

10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 



Sole Leather 

Cutting 
Sole Leather 

Cutting 
Upper Leather 

Cutting 
Upper Leather 

Cutting 

Lasting 
tt 

Fitting 

Making 

Stitching 

Bottoming 

Finishing 



Industry (Chapter 

Males 
Females 

Timework Males 

Piecework 

Timework 

Piecework 
Timework 
Piecework 



VI) 

1914 to 1919 



Misc. Unskilled 

Labor 
16: Upper Leather 

Cutting 
17: Fitting 
18: 



Timework 
Piecework 

Timework 



Piecework 
Timework 



Females 



55 
55 
55 

55 

55 

55 
56 
56 
56 
56 
56 



67 
67 

67 

67 

67 

67 
68 
68 
68 
68 
68 
68 
69 
69 

69 

69 
69 
69 



Vll 



LIST OF TABLES (continued) 



Paper Manufacturing Industry (Chapter VII) 



Table 1: Total Payroll Data 

a o. tt a it 

3: Rag Room Timework 

" 4: Beatermen 

5: Machine Tenders 
6: Calender Hands 
7: Finishers and 

Cuttermen Timework 

Miscellaneous Labor 
Rag Room 



9 
10 
11 



12 
13 
14 
15 

16 



Finishers and 
Cuttermen 
Total Payroll Data 



Piecework 
Timework 

Timework 



Rag Room 

Beatermen 

Finishers and 
Cuttermen 
17: Machine Tenders 
18: Miscellaneous Labor 
19: Calender Hands 
20: Rag Room 

21: " " Piecework 

22: Finishers, 

Cuttermen Timework 



Males 1914 to 1919 

Females 

Males 



a a 
a ti 



PAGE 

78 
78 
78 
78 
78 
78 

79 
79 
79 

tt a a a ijq 

a a a a wq 

Males 1918 and 1919 8 
Females " " " 8 

Males " " " 8 



Males 

a 

Females 



a a 
a n 



Females 



81 



Rubber Manufacturing Industry (Chapter VIII) 



Table 1: Total Payroll Data 

a o . it tt a 

3: Calendering Timework 

4: Making 

5: Mis. Unskilled Labor 

6: Total Payroll Data 

tt n, a a a 

8: Calendering Timework 

9: Making 

10: Mis.Unskilled Labor 



Males 
Females 

Males 



Females 
Males 



Chemical Manufacturing Industry (Chapter IX) 



1914 to 1919 



1918 and 1919 



Table 1 


: Total Payroll Data 


a 


2 


Skilled Workers Timework 


a 


3 


Unskilled Workers 


a 


4 


Total Payroll Data 


a 


5 


Skilled Workers Timework 


a 


6: 


Unskilled Workers 



Males 1914 to 1919 



1918 and 1919 



89 
89 
89 
89 

89 



96 
96 
96 
96 
96 
96 



vni 



LIST OF TABLES {continued) 

General Summary (Chapter XI) page 

Table 1: Percentage Increases in Average Hourly Earnings of 
Male and Female Workers — September, 1914, to Sep- 
tember, 1918, and September, 1914, to March, 1919, in 
Specified Industries Ill 

Table 2: Percentage Increases in Average Weekly Earnings of 
Male and Female Workers — September, 1914, to Sep- 
tember, 1918, and September, 1914, to March, 1919, in 
Specified Industries Ill 

Table 3: Comparisons of Average Hourly Earnings of Male 
Workers in Different Occupations in the 1914, 1918, 1919 
Periods 112-113 

Table 4: Comparisons of Average Hourly Earnings of Female 
Workers in Different Occupations in the 1914, 1918, 1919 
Periods . 114 

Table 5: Comparisons of Average Actual Hourly Earnings and of 
Percentage Changes in Earnings of Time and Piece- 
workers 115 

Appendix 

Table 1: Comparisons of Average Weekly Earnings in Specified 
. Industries of Male and Female Workers Combined as 
Published by the U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics with 
Corresponding Averages Prepared by the National In- 
dustrial Conference Board 126 

Table 2: Comparison of Average Hourly Earnings in Specified 
Occupations Computed from Data Assembled by the 
National Metal Trades Association with Averages 
Prepared by the National Industrial Conference Board, 127 

Table 3: Comparison of Average Hourly Earnings in Certain 
Occupations in Cotton Manufacturing Derived from 
Full-Time Earnings Data Assembled by the National As- 
sociation of Cotton Manufacturers with Actual Average 
Earnings Data Compiled by the National Industrial 
Conference Board 128 



i\ 



LIST OF CHARTS 

PAGE 

Chart 1: Metal Manufacturing Industries. Index Numbers of Earn- 
ings Based on Total Payroll Averages . 17 

Chart 2: Metal Manufacturing Industries. Average Absolute Hourly 
Earnings of Male and Female Workers Based on Total 
Payroll Averages 18 

Chart 3:. Metal Manufacturing Industries. Average Absolute Weekly 
Earnings of Male and Female Workers Based on Total Pay- 
roll Averages 19 

Chart 4: Metal Manufacturing Industries. Index Numbers of Aver- 
age Hourly Earnings of Male Workers in Relatively Low 
Paid and High Paid Occupations 20 

Chart 5: Metal Manufacturing Industries. Average Absolute 
Hourly Earnings of Male Workers in Relatively Low 
Paid and High Paid Occupations 21 

Chart 6: Cotton Manufacturing Industry. Index Numbers of Earn- 
ings Based on Total Payroll Averages 31 

Chart 7: Cotton Manufacturing Industry. Average Absolute 
Hourly Earnings of Male and Female Workers Based on 
Total Payroll Averages 32 

Chart 8: Cotton Manufacturing Industry. Average Absolute Weekly 
Earnings of Male and Female Workers Based on Total 
Payroll Averages 33 

Chart 9: Wool Manufacturing Industry. Index Numbers of Earn- 
ings Based on Total Payroll Averages 46 

Chart 10: Wool Manufacturing Industry. Average Absolute Hourly 
Earnings of Male and Female Workers Based on Total 
Payroll Averages 47 

Chart 11: Wool Manufacturing Industry. Average Absolute Weekly 
Earnings of Male and Female Workers Based on Total 
Payroll Averages 48 

Chart 12: Silk Manufacturing Industry. Index Numbers of Earnings 

Based on Total Payroll Averages 57 

Chart 13: Silk Manufacturing Industry. Average Absolute Hourly 
Earnings of Male and Female Workers Based on Total 
Payroll Averages 58 

Chart 14: Silk Manufacturing Industry. Average Absolute Weekly 
Earnings of Male and Female Workers Based on Total 
Payroll Averages 59 

x 



LIST OF CHARTS {continued) 

PAGE 

Chart 15: Boot and Shoe Manufacturing Industry. Index Numbers 

of Earnings Based on Total Payroll Averages 70 

Chart 16: Boot and Shoe Manufacturing Industry. Average Absolute 
Hourly Earnings of Male and Female Workers Based on 
Total Payroll Averages 71 

Chart 17: Boot and Shoe Manufacturing Industry. Average Absolute 
Weekly Earnings of Male and Female Workers Based on 
Total Payroll Averages 72 

Chart 18: Boot and Shoe Manufacturing Industry. Index Numbers of 
Average Hourly Earnings of Male Workers in Selected 
Occupations 73 

Chart 19: Paper Manufacturing Industry. Index Numbers of Earn- 
ings Based on Total Payroll Averages 82 

Chart 20: Paper Manufacturing Industry. Average Absolute Hourly 
Earnings of Male and Female Workers Based on Total 
Payroll Averages . . . 83 

Chart 21: Paper Manufacturing Industry. Average Absolute Weekly 
Earnings of Male and Female Workers Based on Total 
Payroll Averages 84 

Chart 22: Rubber Manufacturing Industry. Index Numbers of Earn- 
ings Based on Total Payroll Averages 90 

Chart 23: Rubber Manufacturing Industry. Average Absolute Hourly 
Earnings of Male and Female Workers Based on Total- 
Payroll Averages 91 

Chart 24: Rubber Manufacturing Industry. Average Absolute 
Weekly Earnings of Male and Female Workers Based on 
Total Payroll Averages 92 

Chart 25: Chemical Manufacturing Industry. Index Numbers of 

Earnings Based on Total Payroll Averages 97 

Chart 26: Chemical Manufacturing Industry. Average Absolute 
Hourly Earnings of Male Workers Based on Total Payroll 
Averages 98 

Chart 27: Chemical Manufacturing Industry. Average Absolute 
Weekly Earnings of Male Workers Based on Total Payroll 
Averages 99 

Chart 28: Comparison of Index Numbers of Changes in Average 
Weekly Earnings of Male Workers in Different Industries 
with those Applying to the Cost of Living 103 

xi 



LIST OF CHARTS (continued) 

PAGE 

Chart 29: Comparison of Index Numbers of Changes in Average 
Weekly Earnings of Female Workers in Different Industries 
with those Applying to the Cost of Living 104 

Chart 30: Comparison of Index Numbers of Changes in Average 
Hourly Earnings of Male Workers in Different Industries 
with those Applying to the Cost of Living 105 

Chart 31: Comparison of Index Numbers of Changes in Average 
Hourly Earnings of Female Workers in Different Industries 
with those Applying to the Cost of Living 106 

Chart 32: Comparison of Average Absolute Hourly Earnings of Male 
and Female Workers Collectively in the Cotton, Wool, Silk, 
and Rubber Manufacturing Industries — 1914 to 1919 . .116 

Chart 33: Comparison of Average Absolute Hourly Earnings of Male 
and Female Workers Collectively in the Metal, Paper, 
Chemical, and Boot and Shoe Manufacturing Industries, 
1914 to 1919 117 

Chart 34: Comparison of Average Hourly Earnings of Male Workers 
in Different Occupations in the 1914, 1918, and 1919, 
Periods 118, 119, 120, 121 

Chart 35: Comparison of Average Hourly Earnings of Female Work- 
ers in Different Occupations in the 1914, 1918, and 1919 
Periods 122, 123 



xn 



Foreword 

PHE purpose of this study has been to determine the 
general course of wages as indicated by wartime 
changes in earnings of workers in several major industries 
of the United States. 

Although based on absolute earnings, it should be 
emphasized that the report is primarily concerned with 
a consideration of relative values. No attempt has been 
made to discuss wages in relation to their adequacy or 
inadequacy with respect to the cost of living, nor to indi- 
cate whether or to what extent wages should vary with 
changes in the cost of living. The various comparisons of 
changes in living costs presented in the report are likewise 
on a relative basis. 

This report deals only with changes occurring in 
wages in various industries up to the first week in March, 
1919. Further increases in wages in many of these in- 
dustries and also in the cost of living have since taken 
place. 



xm 



Wartime Changes in Wages 

September, 1914,— March, 1919 



INTRODUCTION 

This report presents a broad survey of the course of 
wages in the metal, cotton, wool, silk, boot and shoe, 
paper, rubber, and chemical manufacturing industries 
from September, 1914, to March, 1919, or approximately 
for the period of the European War and the period imme- 
diately following the signing of the Armistice. 

The study has been based on an analysis of the move- 
ment of actual earnings rather than wage rates or com- 
puted full-time earnings. Throughout the report the wage 
data used for comparison represent weighted averages of 
hourly and weekly earnings in the different industries 
based on payroll figures for ons week in each of the years 
covered by the investigation. For the years 1914 to 1918 
inclusive the figures presented generally refer to the pay- 
rolls of the third week in September, while for 1919, in 
order to conform to the period for which the Board's cost 
of living data were then being assembled, the averages are 
based on the payrolls for the first week of March. Through- 
out this entire period conditions were, of course, more or 
less abnormal. However, the weeks selected are believed 
to be fairly representative of conditions generally pre- 
vailing at the time. Moreover, they contain no holidays 
and for the first four years they represent a period which is 
normally favorable to full employment. The March, 
1919, figures, on the other hand, to some extent reflect 
the readjustment of industry to a peace-time basis which 
was then in progress. 

Information forming the basis of the report was ob- 
tained directly from employers in the several industries, 
who submitted abstracts of their payrolls for the selected 
periods in each year considered. Total payroll averages, 
and also those applying to the principal occupational 

1 



groups, have been presented separately for male and 
female workers. 

Owing to the fact that at the time requests for data 
were sent out conditions in industry were decidedly 
abnormal, considerable difficulty was experienced in 
securing for some of the industries as large a number of 
returns as was desired. Many employers, because of the 
accumulation of clerical work, or for other reasons, were 
unable to undertake the preparation of the figures re- 
quested. However, comparisons of the averages obtained 
in this study with those derived by other investigators 
dealing with larger numbers of establishments and em- 
ployees show in most cases substantial agreement. The 
Board feels, therefore, that while averages of actual 
earnings as tabulated may differ in some cases from those 
applying to given localities, the trend indicated by the 
percentage changes is reasonably accurate. It should 
again be emphasized that the report is mainly concerned 
with the consideration of relative values based on condi- 
tions existing in 1914, and that for this purpose less compre- 
hensive data are required than would be necessary for an 
extended discussion of absolute wages in chosen groups 
or localities. A number of comparisons of the Board's 
data with those obtained from other sources appear in 
the appendix. 

While it has been deemed proper to present in the 
various tables averages of both hourly and weekly earn- 
ings, attention should be called to the fact that weekly 
earnings may be considerably influenced by such factors 
as absenteeism, labor turnover, overtime or short time, 
and are consequently probably less reliable than hourly 
earnings in tracing wage trend. Hourly earnings are not 
generally affected by these factors. In instances where 
overtime paid for at higher rates tended toward inflation 
in hourly earnings, proper adjustments were made, so 
that such figures, particularly those of time-workers, 
should conform closely to average hourly rates. The 
influences mentioned above are, however, nearly always 
present in some degree in averages of actual weekly 
earnings. This fact should be carefully borne in mind 
by those intending to use the figures in connection with 
discussion of the cost of living. 

Weekly earnings, if carefully prepared, however, are, 
as above noted, more useful than either rates or hourly 
earnings in studying the income condition of the worker. 

2 



GENERAL RESULTS 

The broad facts developed by the data assembled for 
the different industries indicate that in most instances 
increases in hourly earnings up to September, 1918, 
range from 88% to more than 100%. Notable exceptions 
were observed in the case of male workers in the metal 
manufacturing industries, in which the increase for the 
period was only 71%, and in the boot and shoe industry, 
in which earnings of men and women increased only 
64% and 52% respectively. However, it should be ob- 
served that in these cases the absolute hourly earnings 
in 1914, the base period, were already relatively high 
compared with those in the other industries. 

Percentage increases in weekly earnings ranged in a 
majority of cases from 60% to 100%. In some instances 
the percentages showed marked divergence from those 
in the corresponding hourly earnings. In the metal in- 
dustries, for example, the advance in weekly earnings of 
men for the period 1914 to 1918 was 103%, against 
71% in hourly earnings. The marked difference in this 
case is due to the fact that there was considerable over- 
time, usually at increased wage rates, in the 1918 period, 
while employment conditions in 1914 were rather below 
normal. Somewhat greater increases in weekly than 
in hourly earnings of male workers were also noted in 
the rubber and chemical industries. In the textile 
industries the percentage increases in hourly and weekly 
earnings were practically equal. Moreover, the increases 
for men and women were substantially the same. In- 
creases in the boot and shoe industry were greater for 
hourly than for weekly earnings in the case of men, while 
for women they were equal. For women in the other 
industries the percentage increases in weekly earnings 
were generally smaller than those in hourly earnings. 

These differences between the percentage increases in 
weekly and hourly earnings in any year must obviously 
be due to corresponding differences in average hours 
worked in that period compared with those of 1914, the 
base period. In the textile industries, for instance, where 
there was close agreement in percentage changes in 
weekly and hourly earnings, the average hours worked 
remained nearly constant. On the other hand, in the 
metal industry, marked differences in the percentage 

3 



changes were observed owing to considerable divergence 
in average hours worked per week. 

Averages based on payroll data of March, 1919, indi- 
cated in a majority of cases either still further increases 
in hourly earnings or the maintenance without substantial 
change of those prevailing in September, 1918. While 
returns for March showed that numerous reductions in 
work schedules had been made during the six months 
period, in many such cases rates were at the same time 
adjusted to permit of the same or even higher weekly 
earnings. As a matter of fact, however, marked decreases 
were in some cases noted in weekly earnings for March, 
1919. Sometimes this can be explained by the fact that 
actual hours worked were considerably lower than even 
the reduced hours-of-work schedules. In some instances, 
also, even the hourly earnings, despite adjustments in 
rates, were lower than in the previous period, indicating 
an unsettled condition in the industry. This condition 
was doubtless largely attributable to the pause in activity 
following the withdrawal or completion of war contracts 
during which efforts made to resume peace-time produc- 
tion encountered many difficulties. In some cases this 
was apparently accompanied by a reduced productive 
efficiency on the part of the workers. 

A comparison of relative changes in the earnings of 
male and female workers discloses no uniform tendency. 
In the textile industries the relation between absolute 
earnings of men and women remained substantially the 
same in March, 1919, as in September, 1914. In metal 
manufacturing the average hourly earnings of women 
increased more rapidly than those of men, while in boot and 
shoe manufacturing the earnings of men increased more 
rapidly than those of women during the period. 

More detailed summaries of the changes in the different 
industries appear in the following chapters of the report. 

Employment Statistics 

Employment figures for the different industries show, 
in most instances, marked increases in the number of men 
between September, 1914, and September, 1918, and 
almost as marked decreases between the latter period 
and March, 1919. The number of women employed, 
on the other hand, increased quite consistently from year 
to year throughout the entire period. 

4 



Wages and the Cost of Living 

Since any study of wages would be incomplete without 
some reference to their purchasing power as reflected 
in the cost of living, changes in living costs, as determined 
by the studies of that important subject thus far made 
by the Board, 1 have been introduced in the charts pre- 
sented in Chapter X. The caution should be repeated 
that the cost of living curves deal with relative values. 
In other words, a comparison - of percentage changes 
in wages and in the cost of living shows how far the 
relationship which existed between them before the war 
was maintained or disturbed through the war period. 
The comparisons do not attempt to determine whether 
the relationship in 1914 was a proper one. This matter 
is taken up in more detail in the discussion of the charts, 
Chapter X. 



1 National Industrial Conference Board, Research Reports 9, 14, 17. 

5 



II 

METAL MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES 

Wage data for the metal manufacturing industries 
were secured for the 4^-year period, September, 1914, — 
March, 1919, from 72 identical establishments employing 
35,552 male workers in the 1914 period, 71,635 in 1918, 
and 56,253 in 1919. These establishments were dis- 
tributed over nineteen states, chiefly the North Atlantic 
and Middle Western. Additional data applying to less 
than the entire period covered by the investigation were 
submitted by 8 other establishments employing 9,551 
males in 1918 and 5,669 in 1919. 

In 13 of the 72 establishments mentioned above, women 
were employed throughout the entire period, the number 
being 669 in 1914 and 2,331 in 1918. Later in the war 
period women workers were introduced by 6 additional 
establishments, bringing the total number in 19 establish- 
ments to 3,516 in September, 1918. In March, 1919, 
this number had decreased to 2,572. 

A marked increase in the number of workers employed 
between September, 1914, and September, 1918, is 
indicated by these figures. For males the increase during 
the period was 102%, while for females it was nearly 250%. 
Between September, 1918, and March, 1919, the number 
of male workers fell off 22% and the number of female 
workers 14%. 

The data assembled for the metal manufacturing in- 
dustries are presented in detail in Tables 1 to 16. The 
figures in Table 1 are based on payroll averages of all 
male workers employed in the 72 identical establishments 
reporting throughout the period. Table 2 contains 
similar data for all female workers collectively. Figures 
for male workers in certain occupational groups are 
given in Tables 3 to 16 inclusive. As between occupa- 
tional groups the number of establishments varies, 
but the data in each group are for identical establish- 
ments. Data for female workers for the metal manu- 
facturing industries represent so narrow a basis of ex- 

6 



perience as not to warrant presentation by occupational 
groups. 

The tables are self-explanatory. They give first the 
total number of workers, next the average hours per week, 
then the average actual earnings, both hourly and weekly, 
and finally the index numbers for the hourly and weekly 
earnings, respectively. In constructing these index num- 
bers, the averages for the third week in September, 1914, 
have in all cases been taken as representing 100; averages 
for each succeeding period are expressed in a percentage 
of this 1914 base. To determine a percentage change in 
earnings, it is necessary merely to subtract 100 in the 
case of index numbers in excess of that figure, or to take 
the difference between 100 and the index number where 
the index number falls below 100. In other words, in 
Table 1, an index number of 113 for weekly earnings 
in September, 1915, means that the earnings in the third 
week of that month were 13% greater than in the third 
week of September, 1914; while the index number of 98 for 
the hourly earnings in September, 1915, means that these 
were 2% less than in the third week of September, 1914. 

Hourly Earnings 

September, 1914, to September, 1918 

Taking first the course of hourly earnings for all male 
workers collectively, as given in Table 1, the index num- 
bers given in column E show that, with the exception of 
1915, in which a slight decrease occurred, average hourly 
earnings increased consistently from year to year until 
in September, 1918, they were 71% above those of 
September, 1914. A more marked increase is shown by 
the index numbers of hourly earnings for female workers 
(column E, Table 2); the increase up to September, 1918, 
was 107%, the index number for this period being 207. 

Turning next to hourly earnings in specific occupations, 
Tables 6, 8 and 16 — referring, respectively, to molders 
on piecework, core makers on piecework, and unskilled 
labor — show increases of average hourly earnings be- 
tween 1914 and 1918 of 100% or. more. With the ex- 
ception of general foundry labor (Table 15), the increases 
for all the other occupational groups specified during the 
period were less than 90%. In general, the largest 
percentage increases occurred in groups in which average 

7 



absolute earnings in 1914 were relatively low. Thus, for 
the two unskilled occupations (Tables 15 and 16) in which 
average hourly earnings in 1914 were, respectively, 21.8 
and 21.6 cents per hour, the increases in hourly earnings 
were 98% and 103%. For pattern makers (Table 10), 
molders on timework (Table 5), and toolmakers (Table 
4), average hourly earnings in 1914 were 38.0, 36.3, and 
35.6 cents per hour respectively, while percentage in- 
creases for these groups were 59%, 67%, and 56%. In 
the case of toolmakers, however, the number of workers 
employed increased nearly 200% between 1914 and 1918. 
It is not improbable that this large increase reduced the 
average skill of the force as a whole and resulted in con- 
siderable dilution of earnings of the group, thus account- 
ing for the relatively low absolute average for 1918, as 
well as for the small percentage of increase during the 
period. The effect of similar dilution in earnings is 
probably present to some extent also in the averages for 
blacksmiths (Table 9), machine operators on piecework 
(Table 12), and assemblers on timework (Table 13), the 
number employed increasing nearly 200% in each case 
between September, 1914, and September, 1918. 

Hourly Earnings 
September, 1918, to March, 1919 

Average hourly earnings of both male and female 
workers continued to advance up to March, 1919; but 
inasmuch as the number of persons employed, both ac- 
cording to total payroll figures and those for the occupa- 
tional groups, snowed a marked decrease between the 
1918 and 1919 periods considered, the increase may be 
only apparent. Thus, any appreciable reduction in the 
numbers employed, particularly if relatively low paid 
workers predominated among those eliminated, might 
tend artificially to raise the average earnings of the re- 
mainder, even though no actual increases in wages had 
been made. 

Comparative Earnings of Timeworkers and 
Pieceworkers 

An examination of changes in the earnings of molders 
(Tables 5 and 6), core makers (Tables 7 and 8), machine 
operators (Tables 11 and 12), and assemblers (Tables 



13 and 14) shows that increases for the 43^-year period 
were greater for pieceworkers than for timeworkers. 
The greatest difference was found in the case of core 
makers (Tables 7 and 8), the increase for pieceworkers 
being 114% against 82% for timeworkers. In this connec- 
tion it should also be observed that while in 1914 the 
absolute hourly earnings of pieceworkers in this group 
were only about 2% higher than those of timeworkers, 
this difference in March, 1919, had increased to 12%. 

In the case of molders (Tables 5 and 6), the average 
hourly earnings of timeworkers in 1914 were nearly 18% 
higher than those of pieceworkers: 36.3 and 30.9 cents 
respectively. In the 1919 period, however, in consequence 
of a much greater increase during the period, the earnings 
of pieceworkers were about 3% higher than those of 
timeworkers: 64.2 cents as against 62.1 cents. 

These comparisons indicate that the piece-rate system 
of wage payment was productive of higher efficiency than 
the time-rate system. Final conclusions should not, how- 
ever be drawn from these indications, because the informa- 
tion received, while placing both classes of workers in the 
same group in each case, gave no positive evidence that 
their work was identical. 

Weekly Earnings 

September, 1914, to September, 1918 

While total payroll averages of hourly earnings in- 
creased 71% for males and 107% for females between 
1914 and 1918, average weekly earnings increased 103% 
and 122%, respectively, during the same period. The 
explanation of this divergence is found in Tables 1 and 2, 
by comparing the average actual hours worked in the 
two periods. In the 1914 payroll period the average 
hours worked by males were 45.5 and by females 43.3 
per week; in 1918 these were 53.5 and 46.1. The differ- 
ence is probably explained by the fact that employment 
in the industry was somewhat below normal in 1914, 
while in 1918 nearly all establishments were operating 
on full schedules, with many even running overtime, 
for which higher rates were paid. 

Data for weekly earnings in the different occupational 
groups showed a similar tendency toward greater in- 
creases in these than in hourly earnings for the period. 

9 



Weekly Earnings 

September, 1918, to March, 1919 

A comparison of total payroll averages of weekly 
earnings of both males and females for the September, 
1918, and March, 1919, periods indicates some reduction 
in activity following the signing of the armistice. Weekly 
earnings of males decreased about 8%, while hourly 
earnings increased slightly. Average hours worked in 
the 1918 and 1919 periods were 53.5 and 49, respectively. 
For female workers weekly earnings showed a slight 
increase, the average hours worked in the two periods 
being practically the same, and hourly earnings having 
increased somewhat. 

Summary for Metal Trades 

In summary it may be stated that for these metal 
trades establishments, average hourly earnings, which 
probably coincided closely to average rates, increased 
74% in the case of male workers and 111% for female 
workers during the 4^ years considered. 

Hourly earnings in the specified occupational groups 
of male workers were in a majority of cases higher than 
those indicated by the general averages applying to all 
male workers collectively. The largest increases were, 
in general, noted in the earnings of pieceworkers, and in 
most instances the absolute earnings were also higher 
for the latter in both the 1914 and 1919 periods than for 
timeworkers in the same groups. It may be noted that 
the occupational groups for which data are presented 
include a substantial proportion of all the workers in- 
cluded in the total payroll averages. 

The data assembled show also that the absolute earnings 
of both male and female workers in this industry were 
consistently among the highest reported for any of the 
eight industries covered by the investigation. 

Charts 

Chart 1 : The curves on this chart were constructed 
from index numbers in Tables 1 and 2, and show the 
relative rates of increase in hourly and weekly earnings of 
both male and female workers during the period covered 
by the investigation. The outstanding feature of the 
chart is the location of each curve of weekly earnings 

10 



above the corresponding curve of hourly earnings. As 
has already been explained, this divergence is due to the 
smaller number of average hours actually worked in the 
1914 period, as compared with those of the later years. 
In the case of male workers the overtime factor makes 
the divergence greater than for female workers. 

Charts 2 and 3 are bar diagrams showing comparisons, 
respectively, of average absolute hourly and weekly 
earnings of men and women. 

Chart 4 compares the rates of increase in hourly 
earnings of male workers in three highly paid groups 
(Tables 4, 5 and 10) and two low paid groups (Tables 
15 and 16). It will be observed that the earnings of the 
low paid occupations increased more in proportion during 
the period than those of the higher paid groups. 

Chart 5 shows comparisons of average absolute hourly 
earnings for the three higher paid groups (Tables 4, 5 and 
10) and the two low paid groups (Tables 15 and 16). 



ii 



METAL MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES: SUMMARIES OF PAYROLL 
AVERAGES FOR ALL MALE AND FEMALE WORKERS AND FOR 
SPECIFIED OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS, SEPTEMBER, I914, 



MARCH, I919 



TABLE 1. 



(National Industrial Conference Board) 
Total Payroll Data: Males — 72 Establishments 



One 

week 
in: 


Total 
number 
workers 


Average 

number hrs. 

per week 


Actual 


earnings 




Index numbers 


Av. hourly 


Av. weekly 


Hourly 
earnings 


Weekly 
earnings 




A 


B \ 


c I 


D 


| 


E 1 


F 


Sept., 1914 


35,552 


45.5 j 


1 $ .289 


$13.18 




100 | 


100 


Sept., 1915 


43,696 


52.1 | 


.282 


14.90 


| 


98 | 


113 


Sept., 1916 


55,924 


53.8 | 


| .317 


17.22 




110 | 


131 


Sept., 1917 


64,156 


53.6 | 


| .371 


20.09 




128 


152 


Sept., 1918 


71,635 


53.5 | 


.495 


26.80 




171 | 


203 


March, 1919 


56,253 


49.0 | 


| .502 


24.75 




174 | 


188 


TABLE 


) 2. Total 


Payroll Data : Females — 13 


Establishments 


Sept., 1914 


669 | 


43.3 | 


.149 | 


6.45 


| 


100 | 


100 


Sept., 1915 


926 | 


46.1 | 


.169 | 


7.82 


| 


113 | 


121 


Sept., 1916 


1,767 | 


45.8 | 


.194 


8.92 


| 


130 


138 


Sept., 1917 


1,741 | 


47.3 | 


.223 | 


10.55 


| 


150 | 


164 


Sept., 1918 


2,331 


46.1 


.309 | 


14.35 


| 


207 | 


222 


March, 1919 


2,006 | 


46.0 | 


.314 | 


14.50 


1 


211 | 


225 


TABLE 


3. Machinists — Timework: Males — 51 Establishments 


Sept., 1914 


2,937 | 


52.5 | 


.324 | 


17.10 


| 


100 | 


100 


Sept, 1915 


4,122 


56.0 | 


.331 | 


18.75 


| 


102 | 


110 


Sept, 1916 


4,787 


56.5 


.373 


21.38 


1 


115 | 


125 


Sept, 1917 


5,105 | 


55.4 


.436 | 


24.79 


| 


135 | 


145 


Sept, 1918 


5,503 | 


54.0 


.572 ! 


31.49 


| 


177 | 


184 


March, 1919 


5,235 | 


52.4 | 


.587 | 


31.18 


1 


181 | 


182 


TABLE 


4. Toolmakers — Timework: Males — 21 


Establishments 


Sept, 1914 


479 | 


49.2 | 


.356 | 


17.60 


| 


100 | 


100 


Sept, 1915 


563 | 


50.4 | 


.377 | 


19.20 


II 


106 | 


109 


Sept, 1916 


843 | 


54.8 | 


.402 | 


22.35 


| 


113 | 


127 


Sept, 1917 


1,155 | 


54.5 


.456 | 


25.30 


II 


128 | 


144 


Sept, 1918 


1,332 | 


54.6 


.557 | 


30.85 


|| 


156 ! 


175 


March, 1919 


907 | 


49.6 | 


.594 | 


29.55 


1 


167 | 


168 


TABL1 


I 5. Molders — Timework: Males — 30 


Establishments 


Sept, 1914 


568 | 


43.6 | 


.363 | 


15.91 


1 


100 | 


100 


Sept, 1915 j 


782 | 


52.2 | 


.363 | 


19.16 


|| 


100 1 


120 


Sept, 1916 


857 | 


52.0 | 


.405 | 


21.27 


|| 


112 1 


134 


"Sept, 1917 


956 | 


52.4 | 


.462 | 


24.39 


|| 


127 | 


153 


Sept, 1918 


909 | 


53.0 | 


.606 | 


32.65 


II 


167 | 


205 


March, 1919 


682 | 


46.5 | 


.621 | 


28.99 


II 


171 | 


182 


TABL1 


I 6. Molders — Piecework: Males — 25 


Establishments 


Sept, 1914 


1,033 | 


46.4 


.309 | 


14.20 


|| 


100 | 


100 


Sept, 1915 


1,137 | 


52.5 I 


.340 


17.82 


|| 


110 1 


125 


Sept, 1916 


1,164 | 


51.0 | 


.414 | 


21.10 


II 


134 


149 


Sept, 1917 


1,135 | 


50.1 | 


.503 | 


25.18 


|| 


163 | 


177 


Sept, 1918 


1,010 1 


51.2 | 


.666 | 


34.12 


II 


215 | 


240 


March, 1919 


1,089 | 


46.9 | 


.642 | 


30.17 


II 


208 | 


212 



12 



METAL MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES (continued): SUMMARIES 

OF PAYROLL AVERAGES FOR ALL MALE AND FEMALE WORKERS 
AND FOR SPECIFIED OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS, SEPTEMBER, 

I914, MARCH, I9I9 

(National Industrial Conference Board) 
TABLE 7. Core Makers — Timework: Males — 29 Establishments 



One 


Total 
number 
workers 


Average 

number hrs. 

per week 


Actual 


earnings 


Index numbers 


week 

in: 


Av. hourly 


Av. weekly 


Hourly 
earnings 


Weekly 
earnings 




A 


B 


c 


1 D 


1 E 


F 


Sept., 1914 


236 


46.8 | 


$ .297 


$13.95 | 


100 | 


100 


Sept., 1915 


288 


52.2 | 


.297 


15.77 


100 1 


113 


Sept., 1916 


295 


53.3 | 


.333 


| 17.86 


1 112 


128 


Sept., 1917 


371 


| 53.2 | 


.382 


| 20.50 


| 129 


147 


Sept., 1918 


303 


52.2 | 


.518 


| 27.41 


| 174 


196 


March, 1919 


254 


45.8 | 


.541 


| 24.91 


| 182 


179 



TABLE 8. Core Makers — Piecework: Males — 10 Establishments 



Sept., 1914 



184 



44.6 



.304 



13.51 



100 



100 



Sept., 1915 



208 



51.8 



.318 



16.45 



105 



122 



Sept., 1916 



231 



49.7 



.429 



21.30 



141 



158 



Sept., 1917 



225 



50.8 



.510 



25.90 



168 



192 



Sept., 1918 



208 



55.6 



38.30 



226 



283 



March, 1919 



183 



46.8 



.651 



30.45 



214 



225 



TABLE 



9. Blacksmiths — Timework: Males — 29 Establishments 



Sept., 1914 



179 



51.0 



.328 



16.95 



100 



100 



Sept., 1915 



184 



54.3 



.335 



18.38 



102 



108 



Sept., 1916 



290 



54.8 



.385 



21.61 



117 



128 



Sept., 1917 



412 



55.7 



.468 



27.10 



143 



160 



Sept., 1918 



542 



59.6 



.557 



34.29 



170 



202 



March, 1919 



269 



50.8 



.592 



30.90 



182 



182 



TABLE 10 



Pattern Makers — Timework: Males — 42 Establishments 



Sept., 1914 



393 



48.0 



.380 



18.33 



100 



100 



Sept., 1915 



448 



50.1 



.371 



19.45 



106 



Sept., 1916 



521 



51.6 



.409 



21.15 



108 



115 



Sept., 1917 
Sept., 1918 



488 



52.1 



.495 



25.92 



130 



141 



419 



52.8 



.603 



32.15 



159 



175 



March, 1919 



429 



49.5 



.638 



31.75 



168 



173 



TABLE 11. 



Machine Operators — Timework: Males — 25 Establishments 



Sept., 1914 



1,771 



49.1 



.265 



13.15 



100 



100 



Sept., 1915 



2,297 



52.1 



.271 



14.34 



102 



109 



Sept., 1916 



3,001 



52.2 



.299 



15.95 



113 



121 



Sept., 1917 



3,187 



51.6 



.346 



18.20 



131 



138 



Sept., 1918 



3,176 



50.6 



.454 



23.60 



171 



180 



March, 1919 



2,352 



48.4 



.461 



22.50 



174 



171 



TABLE 12. 

Sept., 1914 
Sept., 1915 
Sept., 1916 
Sept., 1917 
Sept., 1918 
March, 1919 



Machine Operators — Piecework: Males — 13 Establishments 



1,382 
1,478 
2,541 
3,502 
4,112 
1,772 



48.2 
52.0 
55.6 
56.0 
58.0 
46.6 



.325 
.313 
.356 
.412 
.551 
.577 

13 



15.70 
16.26 
19.79 



100 

96 

109 



23.10 || 126 



31.91 
26.90 



!Z9_ 

178 



100 
104 
126 
147 
203 
171 



METAL MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES {continued)'. SUMMARIES 

OF PAYROLL AVERAGES FOR ALL MALE AND FEMALE WORKERS 
AND FOR SPECIFIED OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS, SEPTEMBER, 

I914, MARCH, I919 

(National Industrial Conference Board) 
Assemblers — Timework: Males — 18 Establishments 



TABLE 13. 



One 

week 
in: 


Total 
number 
workers 


Average 

number hrs. 

per week 


Actual 


sarnings 


Index numbers 


Av. hourly 


Av. weekly 


Hourly 
earnings 


Weekly 
earnings 




A 


1 B 


1 c 


D 


1 E 


1 F 


Sept., 1914 


963 


49.0 


1 % .307 


$15.15 


| 100 


100 


Sept., 1915 


1,244 


51.6 


1 .307 


15.90 


I 100 


105 


Sept., 1916 


2,250 


54.4 


| .350 


19.26 


1 114 


127 


Sept., 1917 


3,031 


56.5 1 


I .415 


22.62 


| 135 


149 


Sept., 1918 


2,719 


| 54.0 


| .502 


27.65 


| 164 


| 182 


March, 1919 


2,159 


49.3 | 


| .530 


26.30 | 


| 173 


174 


TABLE 14 


Assemblers — -Piecework: 


Males — 8 


Establishments 


Sept., 1914 


472 


41.9 | 


.307 | 


12.85 | 


100 


100 


Sept., 1915 


470 


49.2 | 


| .325 | 


16.02 | 


| 106 


125 


Sept., 1916 


524 


48.8 | 


| .350 


17.07 | 


| 114 


133 


Sept., 1917 


540 


48.2 | 


1 -411 | 


19.80 | 


| 134 


154 


Sept., 1918 


554 


49.2 | 


.558 | 


27.49 | 


181 


214 


March, 1919 


679 


46.3 | 


| .603 | 


27.91 | 


| 196 


217 


TABLE 15. 


Foundry 


Labor — Timework: 


Males — ■ 35 Establishments 


Sept., 1914 


1,375 


51.4 | 


.218 | 


11.32 | 


100 


100 


Sept., 1915 


1,815 


53.8 | 


.220 | 


12.11 | 


101 


107 


Sept., 1916 


2,193 


52.9 | 


.263 | 


14.10 | 


121 


124 


Sept., 1917 


2,412 


53.3 | 


| .316 | 


17.05 | 


| 145 


151 


Sept., 1918 


2,072 


53.7 | 


1 -431 | 


23.60 | 


198 


208 


March, 1919 


1,490 


51.4 | 


.425 | 


22.15 | 


195 


196 


TABLE 16 


. Unskilled Labor — 


Timework: 


Males — 


52 Establishments 


Sept., 1914 


4,128 


51.3 | 


.216 | 


11.14 | 


100 


100 


Sept., 1915 


4,771 


52.0 | 


.229 | 


12.00 | 


106 


108 


Sept., 1916 


6,895 


51.7 | 


| .279 | 


14.60 | 


129 


131 


Sept., 1917 


8,578 


55.4 | 


.313 | 


17.56 | 


145 


158 


Sept., 1918 


8,532 


53.2 | 


| .438 | 


23.73 | 


203 


213 


March, 1919 


7,165 


50.9 | 


| .426 


22.00 | 


| 197 • 


198 



Additional Data 

Tables 17 to 31 inclusive contain data for September, 1918, 
and March, 1919, similar to those of Tables 1 to 16 inclusive, 
except that data from a number of establishments reporting 
for less than the entire period have been included, thus 
broadening the basis of experience for these periods. 

It will be noticed that the averages contained in the com- 
plete tables for these periods have, in most instances, been only 
slightly affected by the inclusion of the additional data. 

14 



METAL MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES {continued): SUMMARIES 

OF PAYROLL AVERAGES FOR ALL MALE AND FEMALE WORKERS 
AND FOR SPECIFIED OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS, SEPTEMBER, 
I9l8, MARCH, I919 

(National Industrial Conference Board) 

TABLE 17. Total Payroll Data: Males — 80 Establishments 



One 

week 
in: 


Total 
number 
workers 


Average 

number hrs. 

per week 


Actual earnings 


Index numbers 


Av. hourly 


Av. weekly 


Hourly 
earnings 


Weekly 
earnings 


| A B 


C \ D E F 


Sept., 1918 | 81,186 | 53.4 | 


% .498 | $26.95 || 100 | 100 


March, 1919 1 61,922 | 48.5 || .505 24.60 101 91 



TABLE 18. Total Payroll Data: Females — 19 Establishments 



Sept., 1918 | 


3,516 | 


46.8 | 


| .311 


14.51 | 


100 


100 


March, 1919 | 


2,572 | 


45.9 | 


| .320 


14.72 | 


103 


101 



TABLE 19. Machinists — Timework: 


Males — 60 Establishments 


Sept., 1918| 5,908 | 53.8 || .567 


| 31.10 || 100 | 100 


March, 1919| 5,594 | 51.9 || .583 


| 30.70 || 103 | 99 



TABLE 20. Toolmakers — Timework: 


Males — 28 Establishments 


Sept., 1918| 2,040 | 55.5 || .554 


| 31.40 || 100 | 100 


March, 1919| 1,372 | 48.6 || .612 


I 29.90 || 110 | 95 





TABLE 


21. Molders 


— Timework : 


Males — 36 


Establishments 


Sept 


., 1918| 


1,103 | 


52.4 | 


.603 


| 32.10 


|| 100 


100 


March, 1919 | 


848 | 


44.7 I 


I .615 


I 27.60 


II 102 | 


86 





TABLE 


22. Molders 


— Piecework : 


Males — 31 


Establishments 


Sept 


., 1918| 


1,239 | 


50.7 


II 


.663 


| 33.60 


|| 


100 | 


100 


March, 1919 | 


1,234 | 


45.4 


1! 


.644 


| 29.25 


II 


97 


87 



TABLE 23. 


Core Makers — Timework: 


Males — 36 Establishments 


Sept., 1918 1 


411 | 50.7 || .513 


| 26.22 || 100 | 100 


March, 1919 | 


336 | 41.9 || .534 


| 22.42 || 104 | 86 



TABLE 24. 


Gore Makers — 


■ Piecework : 


Males — 


■ 12 Establishments 


Sept., 1918| 


242 | 54.6 


l| .684 


| 37.30 


|| 100 | 100 


March, 1919 | 


197 | 45.8 


II .652 


I 29.85 


|| 95 | 80 



15 



METAL MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES (continued) I SUMMARIES 

OF PAYROLL AVERAGES FOR ALL MALE AND FEMALE WORKERS 
AND FOR SPECIFIED OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS, SEPTEMBER, 

I9l8, MARCH, I919 

(National Industrial Conference Board) 
TABLE 25. Blacksmiths — Timework: Males — 34 Establishments 



One 

week 
in: 


Total 
number 
workers 


Average 

number hrs. 

per week 


Actual earnings 


Index numbers 


Av. hourly 


Av. weekly 


Hourly 
earnings 


Weekly 
earnings 




A 


B 


C \ D 


E | F 


Sept., 1918 


657 


56.8 


| $ .547 \ $32.00 


100 | 100 


March, 1919 


365 


50.1 


| .582 | 29.70 


106 | 93 



TABLE 26. Pattern Makers — Timework: Males — 40 Establishments 



Sept., 1918 


458 | 52.4 


|| .606 | 


32.15 


|| 100 | 100 


March, 1919 


464 | 49.3 


l| .640 | 


31.80 


|| 105 | 99 


TABLE 27. 


Machine Operators 


— Timework : 


Males - 


- 31 Establishments 


Sept., 1918 


3,783 | 51.0 


II -447 | 


23.45 


|| 100 | 100 


March, 1919 


2,902 | 48.3 


II -458 | 


22.35 


II 103 | 95 


TABLE 28. 


Machine Operators 


— Piecework : 


Males - 


- 16 Establishments 


Sept., 1918 


7,510 | 56.8 


II -584 | 


33.10 


|| 100 | 100 


March, 1919 


2,614 | 43.8 


II -591 | 


25.90 


II 101 1 78 



TABLE 29. Assemblers — Timework : 


Males — 22 Establishments 


Sept., 1918| 3,252 | 53.3 || .496 


| 26.95 || 100 | 100 


March, 1919| 2,601 | 48.7 || .522 


| 25.58 || 105 | 95 



TABLE 30. 


Foundry Labor - 


— Timework: 


Males - 


— 42 Establishments 


Sept., 1918 | 


2,359 | 53.3 


II -430 | 


23.35 


|| 100 | 100 


March, 1919 | 


1,809 | 50.3 


II -429 | 


21.85 


II 100 1 94 



TABLE 31. Miscellaneous Labor — Timework: Males — 63 Establishm'ts 



Sept., 1918 | 


10,421 | 


52.3 


II 


.429 


22.85 


II 


100 | 


100 


March, 1919 | 


8,492 | 


51.7 


II 


.435 


1 22.59 


II 


101 I 


99 



16 



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21 



Ill 

COTTON MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY 

Averages of earnings of workers in the cotton manu- 
facturing industry are based on returns from 15 identical 
Northern mills reporting for the entire period covered by 
the investigation. These mills employed 5,187 male and 
4,924 female workers in the 1914 payroll period. In 
September, 1918, the number of men had decreased to 
4,925, while the number of women had increased to 
5,138. Betweeen September, 1918, and March, 1919, 
the number of male workers increased to 5,797, while 
the number of female workers rose to 5,943. 

Detailed comparisons for the cotton manufacturing 
industry are given in Tables 1 to 22. These are con- 
structed in the same manner as those for the metal 
manufacturing industries in Chapter I. 

Hourly Earnings 

September, 1914, to September, 1918 

Tables 1 and 2, based on averages of all workers in 
15 identical mills, irrespective of occupation, show that 
hourly earnings of men and women increased 104% and 
100%, respectively, during the period. Average absolute 
hourly earnings of males were 18.9 cents in September, 
1914, and 38.5 cents in 1918; those of females were 
15.2 cents and 30.4 cents. 

In five occupational groups of male workers, time- 
workers in opening and picking (Table 3) , carders on both 
piece and time work (Tables 4 and 5), spinners on piece- 
work (Table 7), weavers on piecework (Table 10), hourly 
earnings increased more than 110% during the war 
period; .in two others, spinners on timework (Table 6) 
and weavers on timework (Table 9), the increases were 
105% and 103%. In only three instances, timeworkers 
in spooling, warping and twisting (Table 8), loom-fixers 
(Table 11), and miscellaneous unskilled (Table 12), 
were the increases less than 100% and these were over 
90%. 

22 



The highest absolute average hourly earnings of any 
group in 1914 and 1918 were received by loom-fixers 
(Table 11), 26.2 cents and 51.4 cents, respectively. 
The lowest absolute average earnings of any group 
were those of workers in opening and picking (Table 
3) — 15.8 cents per hour — and even with the increase 
of 114% the earnings of this group in 1918 were still 
among the lowest. 

In three groups employing both timeworkers and piece- 
workers, namely carding, spinning, and weaving (Tables 
4, 5, 6, 7, 9, and 10), earnings of pieceworkers were 
higher in both periods than those of timeworkers. 
In the case of one of these — carding on piecework — 
the percentage increase between 1914 and 1918 of 134% 
was the highest received by any group of male workers 
in this industry. 

Increases in hourly earnings of female workers in the 
different occupational groups were in most cases smaller 
than those of male workers in those groups. In the 
carding department, for example, women received in- 
creases of 86% and 88% for timework and piecework, 
respectively, against 119% and 134% for men. Increases 
for female workers in spooling, warping and twisting 
averaged 74% during the war period, while earnings of 
males in those groups increased 98%. Absolute average 
hourly earnings of women, based on total payroll averages, 
were about 20% lower than those of men throughout the 
entire period. In certain occupations employing both 
male and female workers the difference in actual earnings 
was even more marked. In the case of spinners on piece- 
work (Tables 7 and 17), for example, average hourly 
earnings of men were more than 25% higher than those 
of women, and in carding (Tables 5 and 14) the earnings 
of male pieceworkers, while only 16% higher than those 
of women in 1914, were more than 40% higher in 1918. 
In weaving (Tables 9 and 20), male and female timework- 
ers received nearly equal earnings per hour in 1914 and 
in 1918, but on piecework (Tables 10 and 21) men averaged 
27^% more than women in 1914 and nearly 15% more 
in 1918. 

Hourly Earnings 
September, 1918, to March, 1919 

Average hourly earnings of both male and female 
workers, as shown by total payroll figures (Tables 1 and 

23 



2), increased slightly between September, 1918, and 
March, 1919, bringing percentages increases for the entire 
period, up to 106% for men and 105% for women. Data 
for the different occupational groups specified show 
decreases in as many cases as increases. 

Weekly Earnings 

September, 1914, to September, 1918 

Average weekly earnings of male workers (Table 1) 
in this industry showed an increase of 106% as compared 
with 104% for hourly earnings. This relation is practi- 
cally the same as that in the average hours worked per 
week in the 1914 and 1918 period, 52.9 and 53.7, respec- 
tively. In the case of women (Table 2) the increase of 
100% in weekly earnings during the period coincided 
with that in hourly earnings. The average hours in 
this case were 50.9 in 1914 and 50.4 in 1918. 

In terms of absolute earnings, those of men were con- 
siderably higher than the averages for women throughout 
the entire period. In 1914 the averages for men and 
women were $10.00 and $7.70 per week, respectively, 
while in 1918 they were $20.60 and $15.37. 

While, according to total payroll averages, percentage 
increases in weekly and hourly earnings of male workers 
were about the same, figures for the separate occupa- 
tional groups show increases in weekly averages in several 
instances somewhat higher than those of hourly earnings. 
For female workers, on the other hand, increases in 
most cases were slightly smaller for weekly than for 
hourly earnings. 

Weekly Earnings 

September, 1918, to March, 1919 

Averages of Weekly earnings of both male and female 
workers based on total payroll data (Tables 1 and 2) 
for the March, 1919, period, were 17% lower than those 
of September, 1918. The earnings of men decreased 
from $20.60 to $17.10 per week, while those of women 
fell from $15.37 to $12.75 per week. 

Comparisons of changes in weekly earnings in the 
different occupational groups show that in most cases 
percentage decreases were greater for male than for 

24 



female workers. In six groups, embracing 2,378 male 
workers in 1918, and representing nearly 50% of the 
total number of males reported upon in Table 1, and in 
four groups of female workers employing 2,305 females in 
1918, about 45% of all reported upon, the decreases 
during the period were 20% or more. 

The lowest absolute earnings received by any group 
of males in March, 1919, were those in spinning on time- 
work (Table 6), the weekly averages being $13.55, or 
21% below the average for all male workers. The group 
was small, however, representing only slightly more 
than 9% of all male workers in the reporting establish- 
ments. The lowest absolute weekly earnings among 
female workers in March, 1919, were those in carding, 
on timework (Table 13) . This group represented 2.2% 
of the total number of women reported upon. The average 
in this case was $8.96, or 30% lower than the average 
for all females covered by the data received, and 40% 
lower than for weavers on timework (Table 20), the 
group having the highest absolute earnings. 

Summary 

The data analyzed indicate that for the cotton industry 
as a whole hourly earnings of male workers collectively 
increased 104% between the September, 1914, and 
September, 1918, and 106% for the entire 4^ years 
covered by the study. For female workers these earnings 
increased 100% and 105%, respectively. During the 
period September, 1914, to September, 1918, weekly 
earnings of both men and women increased in practically 
the same proportion as did hourly earnings. The increases 
for the 4J/2 years covered were, however, less for weekly 
than for hourly earnings, owing to a substantial decrease 
in average hours worked in the March, 1919, period. These 
percentages were 71% for men and 66% for women. 

Charts 

Chart 6, constructed from index numbers of hourly 
and weekly earnings in Tables 1 and 2, shows the relative 
rates of increase in the earnings of male and female 
workers. The fact that the four curves lie near together 
indicate that hourly and weekly earnings, and also those 
for men and women, increased at practically the same 

,25 



rate up to September, 1918. The sharp drop in the curves 
for weekly earnings between September, 1918, and March, 
1919, of both male and female workers, reflects the lower 
average of hours worked in 1919, when the industry was 
going through a period of readjustment from war to 
peace time production. 

Chart 7 is a bar diagram representing comparisons 
of average absolute hourly earnings of men and women 
in the industry, based on total payroll averages in Tables 
1 and 2. 

Chart 8 is similarly constructed from Tables 1 and 2 
to show comparisons of absolute weekly earnings of 
male and female workers. 



26 



COTTON MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY: SUMMARIES OF PAYROLL 
AVERAGES FOR ALL MALE AND FEMALE WORKERS AND FOR 

SPECIFIED OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS, SEPTEMBER, I914, 

MARCH, I919 



(National Industrial Conference Board) 
TABLE 1. Total Payroll Data: Males — 15 Establishments 



One 


Total 
number 
workers 


Average 

number hrs. 

per week 




Actual 


earnings 


Index numbers 


week 
in: 


A\ 


\ hourly 


Av. weekly 


Hourly 
earnings 


Weekly 
earnings 




A 


1 B 


| 


c 


1 D 


1 E 


1 F 


Sept., 1914| 


5,187 


| 52.9 


I $ 


.189 


I $10.00 


| 100 


| 100 


Sept., 1915 | 


5,736 


| 53.0 


1 


.189 


1 10.05 


| 100 


101 


Sept, 1916| 


5,650 


| 53.5 


| 


.221 


| 11.85 


1 117 


1 119 


Sept, 1917 | 


5,842 


| 50.7 


II 


.280 


| 14.22 


| 148 


i 142 


Sept, 1918 | 


4,925 


| 53.7 


| 


.385 


| 20.60 


| 204 


| 206 


March, 1919 | 


5,797 


43.9 


1 


.389 


| 17.10 


| 206 


| 171 


TABLE 


2. Total Payroll D 


ata 


: Females — 15 Establishments 


Sept, 1914| 


4,924 


! 50.9 


| 


.152 


| 7.70 


| 100 


100 


Sept, 1915| 


5,166 


51.8 


1 


.152 


| 7.89 


| 100 


103 


Sept, 1916| 


5,052 


| 51.8 


I 


.186 


| 9.65 


| 122 


125 


Sept, 1917 I 


5,202 


51.0 


! 


.222 


| 11.36 


| 146 


147 


Sept, 1918| 


5,138 


50.4 


I 


.304 


| 15.37 


| 200 


200 


March, 1919 | 


5,943 


| 41.0 


1 


.312 


| 12.75 


| 205 


166 


TABLE 3. Opening 


and Picki 


ng 


— Timeworkers : 


Males — . 


L0 Estab. 


Sept, 1914| 


158 


53.1 


1 


.158 


8.40 


| 100 


100 


Sept, 1915| 


173 


54.9 




.159 


8.70 


| 101 


103 


Sept, 1916| 


181 


54.2 


1 


.190 


10.29 


1 120 


122 


Sept, 1917 | 


196 


51.2 


1 


.238 


| 12.15 


| 150 


145 


Sept, 1918 | 


177 


54.8 




.339 


18.60 


| 214 


222 


March, 1919 | 


164 


41.7 




.349 


14.55 


221 


173 


TABLE 4 


. Gardii 


rig — Timeworkers : Males — 13 Establishments 


Sept, 1914| 


508 


51.5 


| 


.172 


8.85 | 


| 100 


100 


Sept, 1915 | 


530 


53.5 




.168 


8.98 | 


98 


102 


Sept, 1916| 


588 


52.9 




.205 


10.85 | 


| 118 


122 


Sept, 1917 | 


627 


51.3 




.248 


12.74 | 


| 144 


144 


Sept, 1918 | 


524 


51.7 


1 


.377 


19.50 1 


| 219 


220 


March, 1919 | 


418 


43.8 




.352 


15.44 | 


| 205 


175 


TABLE 5 


. Cardir 


ig — Pieceworkers : 


Vlales — 8 Establishments 


Sept, 1914| 


136 


49.0 




.187 


9.17 | 


| 100 


100 


Sept, 1915 | 


147 


53.2 




.177 


9.40 | 


95 


103 


Sept, 1916| 


180 


48.8 | 




.228 


11.14 | 


122 


121 


Sept, 1917 | 


179 


47.4 




.282 


13.38 | 


| 151 


146 


Sept, 1918 | 


115 


49.1 




.437 


21.45 | 


234 


235 


March, 1919 | 


115 


44.1 


1 


.380 


16.75 | 


203 


183 


TABLE 6. 


Spinni 


ng — Timeworkers : 


Males — 8 Establishments 


Sept, 1914| 


537 


53.4 




.166 


8.58 | 


100 | 


100 


Sept, 1915 | 


553 


52.6 




.170 


8.96 | 


103 


101 


Sept, 1916| 


617 


51.2 | 


1 


.198 


10.16 | 


120 


118 


Sept, 1917 | 


607 


53.2 | 




.263 


14.01 | 


159 | 


163 


Sept, 1918 | 


561 


53.4 || 


.339 | 


18.10 | 


205 1 


211 


March, 1919 | 


528 


39.5 | 




.343 


13.55 | 


207 | 


153 



27 



COTTON MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY (continued): SUMMARIES 

OF PAYROLL AVERAGES FOR ALL MALE AND FEMALE WORKERS 
AND FOR SPECIFIED OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS, SEPTEMBER, 

I914, MARCH, I9I9 

(National Industrial Conference Board) 
TABLE 7. Spinning — Pieceworkers: Males ^ 5 Establishments 



One 

week 

in: 


Total 
number 
workers 


Average 

ntunber hrs. 

per week 


Actual 


earnings 


Index numbers 


Av. hourly 


Av. weekly 


Hourly 
earnings 


Weekly 
earnings 




A 


B 


c 


1 D 


E 


F 


Sept., 1914 


267 


47.7 


.190 


| 9.04 


100 


100 


Sept., 1915 


304 


52.7 | 


.188 


9.89 


99 


109 


Sept., 1916 


285 


52.9 | 


.239 


12.64 


126 


140 


Sept., 1917 


263 


46.6 | 


.295 


13.75 


156 | 


152 


Sept., 1918 


186 


49.0 | 


.422 


20.63 


222 


228 


March, 1919 


217 


40.6 | 


.401 


16.28 


211 


180 


TABLE 8. Spooling, Warping, Twisting— Timeworkers: Males - 


-9 Estab. 


Sept., 1914 


320 


54.0 | 


.176 


• 9.50 | 


100 


100 


Sept., 1915 


328 


51.0 | 


.179 


9.13 | 


102 | 


96 


Sept., 1916 


337 


55.2 | 


.204 


11.29 | 


116 | 


119 


Sept., 1917 


348 | 


51.2 | 


.264 


13.50 | 


150 | 


142 


Sept., 1918 


273 


54.1 | 


.349 


18.87 | 


198 | 


199 


March, 1919 


320 | 


42.4 | 


.361 


15.30 1 


205 | 


161 


TABLE 


9. Weavii 


lg — Timeworkers: Males — 7 Establishments 


Sept., 1914| 


364 | 


52.0 | 


.186 


9.66 | 


100 | 


100 


Sept.,. 1915 | 


433 | 


52.8 | 


.191 


10.09 | 


103 ! 


104 


Sept., 1916 | 


417 | 


54.7 | 


.230 


12.54 | 


124 | 


130 


Sept., 1917 


369 [ 


52.3 | 


.286 | 


15.00 | 


154 | 


155 


Sept., 1918 | 


344 | 


53.1 | 


.377 | 


20.00 || 


203 | 


207 


March, 1919 | 


273 | 


42.4 | 


.389 | 


16.48 | 


209 | 


171 


TABLE 


10. Weavi 


ng — Pieceworkers: 


Males — 13 Establishments 


Sept., 1914| 


1,010 | 


51.4 | 


.198 | 


10.17 || 


100 | 


100 


Sept., 1915 | 


1,234 | 


52.1 || 


.189 | 


9.87 || 


95 | 


84 


Sept., 1916 | 


1,073 | 


■52.8 || 


.240 | 


12.70 || 


121 | 


125 


Sept., 1917 | 


1,068 | 


50.8 || 


.279 


14.19 || 


141 | 


140 


Sept., 1918 | 


815 | 


52.1 || 


.417 | 


21.72 || 


211 | 


214 


March, 1919 | 


955 1 


39.7 || 


.389 | 


15.47 || 


197 | 


152 


TABLE 11 


Loom-fix 


ing — Timeworkers : 


Males — 10 Establishments 


Sept., 1914 | 


251 | 


52.7 || 


.262 | 


13.80 || 


100 | 


100 


Sept., 1915.1 


293 | 


52.7 . || 


.262 | 


13.80 || 


100 1 


100 


Sept., 1916 | 


288 | 


52.9 || 


.312 | 


16.47 || 


119 | 


119 


Sept., 1917 | 


286 | 


53.0 || 


.3/2 | 


19.75 || 


142 | 


143 


Sept., 1918] 


266 | 


52.2 || 


.514 | 


26.80 1 1 


196 | 


194 


March, 1919 | 


260 | 


43.4 || 


.505 | 


21.90 || 


193 | 


159 


TABLE 12. 


Misc. Un$ 


skilled Lab 


or — Timeworkers : 1 


Males — 12 Estab. 


Sept., 1914 | 


501 | 


55.8 || 


.177 | 


9.82 || 


100 | 


100 


Sept., 1915 1 


484 | 


55.4 


.175 | 


9.24 || 


99 | 


94 


Sept., 1916 I 


.488 I' 


55.0 || 


.210 | 


11.57 || 


119 | 


118 


Sept., 1917 | 


476 . | 


53.8 || 


.250 | 


"13.46 || 


141 | 


137 


JSept., .. 1918.1 


• 473 | 


56.9 || 


.340 | 


19.33 || 


192 | 


197 


March, 1919 | 


.630.. | 


.51.5 || 


.351 


18.08 || 


198 | 


184 



.28 



COTTON MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY (continued): SUMMARIES 

OF PAYROLL AVERAGES FOR ALL MALE AND FEMALE WORKERS 
AND FOR SPECIFIED OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS, SEPTEMBER, 

I9I4, MARCH, I9I9 

(National Industrial Conference Board) 
TABLE 13. Carding — Timeworkers : Females — 8 Establishments 



One 


Total 
number 
workers 


Average 

number hrs. 

per week 


Actual earnings 


Index numbers 


week 
in: 


Av. hourly 


Av. weekly 


Hourly 
earnings 


Weekly 
earnings 




A 


B 


C D 


E F 


Sept., 1914 | 158 


49.2 


% .117 | $5.76 


100 | 100 


Sept., 1915 | 154 


49.0 


| .110 | 5.37 


94 | 93 


Sept., 1916 | 119 


52.7 


| .134 | 7.05 


115 | 122 


Sept., 1917 | 158 


49.6 


| .156 | 7.74 


| 134 134 


Sept., 1918 | 155 


44.9 


| .218 | 9.80 


| 186 | 170 


March, 1919 | 128 


37.7 


| .237 | 8.96 


203 | 156 



TABLE 14 


. Carding 


— Pieceworkers : 


Females — 


- 7 Establishments 


Sept., 1914 | 


455 | 


50.5 || 


.161 


| 8.13 


II 100 | 


100 


Sept., 1915 1 


479 | 


51.4 || 


.154 


| 7.92 


II 96 | 


97 


Sept., 1916 | 


473 | ' 


49.8 || 


.192 


| 9.54 


II 119 | 


117 


Sept., 1917 | 


476 | 


51.6 || 


.229 


| 11.82 


II 142 | 


145 


Sept., 1918 | 


469 | 


51.5 || 


.303 


| 15.61 


II 188 | 


192 


March, 1919 | 


416 | 


39.0 || 


.310 


| 12.08 


II 193 | 


149 


TABLE 15. 


Drawing - 


— Timeworkers : 


Females — 


8 Establishments 


Sept., 1914 1 


130 | 


51.6 || 


.139 


| 7.18 


II 100 | 


100 


Sept., 1915 | 


151 | 


48.9 || 


.137 


| 6.70 


II 99 | 


93 


Sept., 1916 | 


174 | 


51.1 || 


.167 


| 8.51 


II 120 | 


119 


Sept., 1917 | 


154 


50.9 || 


.196 


| 9.98 


II 141 | 


139 


Sept., 1918 | 


143 | 


50.1 || 


.276 


| 13.84 


II 198 | 


193 


March, 1919 | 


131 | 


44.5 || 


.269 


| 11.94 


II 193 | 


166 


TABLE 16. 


Spinning 


— Timeworkers : 


Females — 


- 8 Establishments 


Sept., 1914 | 


250 | 


50.6 || 


.135 


| 6.82 


II 100 | 


100 


Sept., 1915 | 


276 | 


51.4 || 


.127 


| 6.55 


II 95 | 


96 


Sept., 1916 | 


267 | 


53.3 || 


.153 


| 8.18 


II 114 I 


120 


Sept., 1917 | 


349 | 


51.1 || 


.188 


| 9.58 


|| 139 1 


HI 


Sept., 1918 | 


337 | 


48.8 || 


.278 


| 13.59 


II 207 | 


199 


March, 1919 | 


434 | 


41.5 |! 


.289 


| 11.97 


II 214 | 


176 


TABLE 17. 


Spinning 


— Pieceworkers : 


Females — 


11 Establishments 


Sept., 1914 | 


1,036 j 


50.6 || 


.141 


| 7.15 


II 100 | 


100 


Sept., 1915 | 


963 | 


53.2 || 


.144 


| 7.67 


II 102 


107 


Sept., 1916 | 


928 | 


51.9 || 


.185 


| 9.58 


II 131 I 


134 


Sept., 1917 | 


905 | 


50.8 || 


.230 


11.69 


II 163 | 


163 


Sept., 1918 | 


877 | 


51.4 || 


.306 


15.71 


II 217 | 


220 


March, 1919 | 


878 | 


41.0 || 


.323 


| 13.25 


II 229 | 


185 


TABLE 18. Spooling,Warping,Twisting— Timeworkers 


: Females- 


-9 Estab. 


Sept., 1914 | 


155 | 


50.2 || 


.134 


| 6.72 


II 100 | 


100 


Sept., 1915 | 


161 | 


52.1 


.128 


6.64 


II 96 | 


99 


Sept., 1916 | 


177 | 


48.8 


.154 


7.49 


II US | 


112 


Sept., 1917 | 


180 | 


54.2 || 


.170 


| 9.18 


127 | 


137 


Sept., 1918| 


171 | 


57.4 || 


.233 


| 13.36 


II 174 | 


199 


March, 1919 | 


172 | 


38.6 || 


.268 


| 10.36 


II 200 | 


154 



29 



COTTON MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY (continued) I SUMMARIES 

OF PAYROLL AVERAGES FOR ALL MALE AND FEMALE WORKERS 
AND FOR SPECIFIED OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS, SEPTEMBER, 

I914, MARCH, I919 

(National Industrial Conference Board) 

TABLE 19. Spooling, Warping, Twisting — Pieceworkers: Females— 12 Estab. 



One 


Total 
number 
workers 


Average 

number hrs. 

per week 




Actual 


sarnings 


Index numbers 


week 
in: 


Av. hourly 


Av. weekly 


Hourly 
earnings 


Weekly 
earnings 




B 




c 


D I 


1 E 


F 


Sept., 1914 


| 573 


51.6 


% 


.150 


$7.76 


| 100 


100 


Sept., 1915 


| 609 


52.0 




.154 


7.99 


| 103 


103 


Sept., 1916 


| 599 


49.6 




.187 


9.30 


| 125 


120 


Sept., 1917 


| 607 


53.3 




.213 


11.35 | 


| 134 


146 


Sept., 1918 


601 


50.2 




.288 


14.45 | 


| 192 


186 


March, 1919 


| 732 


34.0 




.302 


10.25 


| 201 


132 


TABLE 20. Weavir 


Lg — Timeworkers : Females — 5 Establishments 


Sept., 1914 


| 210 


53.2 




.190 


10.10 


| 100 


100 


Sept., 1915 


1 223 


53.7 




.191 


| 10.25 


| 101 


102 


Sept., 1916 


I 216 


53.6 




.224 


12.00 


| 118 


119 


Sept., 1917 


| 225 


54.1 


1 


.258 


1 13.97 


136 


138 


Sept., 1918 


243 


| 52.4 


1 


.347 


| 18.19 


| 183 


| 180 


March, 1919 


218 


44.0 


I 


.342 


| 15.05 


| 180 


149 


TABLE : 


11. Weavir 


ig — Pieceworkers: Females — 


14 Establishments 


Sept., 1914 


| 998 


51.1 


I 


.155 


7.89 


| 100 


100 


Sept., 1915 


1 1,181 


51.7 




.175 


9.03 


| 113 


115 


Sept., 1916 


1 1,104 


53.2 




.178 


9.50 


| 115 


120 


Sept., 1917 


1 1,085 


51.4 




.255 


| 13.11 


| 165 


166 


Sept., 1918 


| 1,064 


51.5 


I 


.364 


18.75 


| 235 


238 


March, 1919 


| 958 


| 41.8 


1 


.352 


14.70 


| 227 


186 


TABLE 22. 


Misc. Un 


skilled Lab 


or - 


— Timeworkers : Females - 


- 6 Estab. 


Sept., 1914 


[ 123 


| 49.8 


| 


.130 


6.49 


| 100 


| 100 


Sept., 1915 


| 118 


| 50.3 


1 


.140 


| 7.04 


| 107 


| 108 


Sept., 1916 


88 


49.8 




.170 


8.45 


| 130 


1 130 


Sept., 1917 


145 


48.5 


| 


.193 


9.36 


148 


144 


Sept., 1918 


162 


| 49.1 


| 


.254 


| 12.49 


| 195 


| 193 


March, 1919 


| 265 


| 46.6 


1 


.237 


| 11.05 


| 182 


170 



30 



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ARNINGS - MALES 
ARNINGS - FEMALE 
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USTRIAL CONFERENCE BOA 

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1 MANUFACTURING INDUS! 

AVERAGE ABSOLUTE WEEKLY EARNINGS 

OF MALE AND FEMALE WORKERS 
BASED ON TOTAL PAYROLL AVERAGES 

s refer to third week of September / 9/4-/9/6 
and f/rjt week of March 1919 

WEEKLY EARNINGS- MALES 


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33 



IV 

WOOL MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY 

Wage data for the wool manufacturing industry were 
obtained from 20 identical establishments located for 
the most part in the North Atlantic States. These 
employed 9,105 men and 6,943 women in September, 
1914; in September, 1918, the numbers had increased 
to 9,406 and 7,576 respectively. Employment figures 
for March, 1919, showed substantial decreases in the 
number employed compared with those of September, 
1918, — 163^2% in the case of males and 12^% in the 
case of females. The detailed comparisons given in 
Tables 1 to 21 are constructed on the same basis as those 
already presented for the metal and cotton manufacturing 
industries. 

Hourly Earnings 

September, 1914, to September, 1918 

Table 1 gives averages for male workers in 20 identical 
mills based on total payroll figures irrespective of occupa- 
tion. Index numbers in column C show that average 
hourly earnings of all male workers reported upon in- 
creased 97% between September, 1914, and September, 
1918. Average absolute hourly earnings were 21.5 cents 
and 42.4 cents, respectively, in the two periods. 

Comparisons of average hourly earnings of male workers 
in various occupational groups show in most cases 
greater increases than those based on the total payroll 
averages. Thus, in the seven groups for which data 
are tabulated in Tables 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10, average 
hourly earnings increased in every case 100% or more, 
the largest increase of 124% occurring among spinners 
on timework (Table 5) . For the remaining three groups 
(Tables 3, 11, and 12) the increases were, respectively, 
98%, 82%, and 91%. 

Table 2 is based on total payroll averages for female 
workers in 20 identical establishments. The index 
numbers of changes in average hourly earnings in column 

34 



C show the same relative increase for the period Sep- 
tember, 1914, to September, 1918, as for male workers — 
97%. Average absolute hourly earnings in the two 
periods, however, were 16.7 cents and 32.9 cents respec- 
tively, — nearly 25% lower than similar averages for 
male workers. 

Increases in average hourly earnings of female workers 
in the specified occupational groups were in general 
smaller than those of male workers. For only four groups, 
carding (Table 13), spinners on both timework and 
piecework (Tables 14 and 15), and reelers, winders and 
spoolers on timework (Table 16) were the increases more 
than 100%, while in one group, finishers on timework 
(Table 20), the increase was only 56%. In the remaining 
groups the increases were 83% for reelers, winders and 
spoolers on piecework (Table 17) ; 96% for timeworkers 
on drawing (Table 18); 95% for weavers on piecework 
(Table 19) ; and 96% for finishers on piecework (Table 21). 
Average absolute hourly earnings in 1914 were lowest 
for female workers in reeling, winding and spooling on 
timework (Table 16), namely 12.9 cents, and highest 
for finishers on piecework (Table 21) — 21.5 cents. 
In the September, 1918, period the lowest average earn- 
ings for any group of women workers were those of 
finishers on timework (Table 20) — 27.4 cents, while 
for finishers on piecework (Table 21) the maximum 
average of 42.1 cents per hour was noted. 

A comparison of index numbers of changes in average 
hourly earnings of male and female workers in the same 
groups indicates generally a greater percentage increase 
for male workers. Thus for male spinners on timework 
(Table 5) the increase was 124%, while for females 
(Table 14) it was 117%. Again for male spinners on 
piecework (Table 6) the increase was 113% against 104% 
for females (Table 15). For male weavers on piecework 
(Table 9) the increase was 110%, for females on the same 
work (Table 19) 95%; for finishers on timework (Tables 
11 and 20) 82% and 56%, respectively. 

The index numbers for certain occupational groups 
afford some evidence that the earnings of pieceworkers 
increased relatively more than those of dayworkers, 
but in view of the several instances in which the reverse 
was true, this cannot be said to have been a definite 
tendency. Thus, although male weavers on piecework 

35 



(Table 9) and female finishers on piecework (Table 21) 
showed greater increases than the corresponding groups 
on timework, the increases for spinners on timework, both 
male and female, were greater than those of pieceworkers 
(Tables 5 and 6, 14 and 15) . 

Hourly Earnings 

September, 1918, to March, 1919 

The number of male workers in 20 establishments 
represented in the total payroll tabulations decreased 
16% between September, 1918, and March, 1919. This 
reduction in the number employed was accompanied by 
a decrease in average hourly earnings from 42.4 cents 
to 40.5 cents, or 4.7%. A reduction in the number of 
workers and in hourly earnings was also characteristic 
of nearly all of the occupational groups, but was especially 
marked in the case of sorters (Table 3). The number 
in this group was reduced by 33M%, while hourly 
earnings decreased 6%. For the occupational groups 
as a whole the weighted percentage decrease in numbers 
was 14.26%. . The number of workers in the occupations 
showing decreases represent 90j/2% of the total number 
employed in all of the specified groups and 62.4% of 
all males in the reporting establishments. 

Employment figures based on data for all female 
workers, collectively, show a decrease of 123/2% in num- 
bers between September, 1918, and March, 1919. For 
six of the nine occupational groups specified in the tabula- 
tions the decreases were in every case greater than this 
figure. The weighted average for all groups was 18.73%. 
This average represents 66% of all women employed in 
the reporting establishments and 81.3% of the total 
number in the nine occupational groups specified. In 
three of the seven groups showing reductions in numbers 
hourly earnings decreased from 13^2% to 4.7%, while in 
the remaining four increases ranged from 2% to 6.9%, 

Weekly Earnings 
September, 1914, to September, 1918 

Average weekly earnings of all male workers in the 
reporting mills (Table 1) advanced during the war period 
from $11.52 in 1914 to $23.21 in 1918, an increase of 
102%. The somewhat larger increase in weekly than in 
hourly earnings is due to the greater number of hours 

36 



worked in September, 1918, than in the corresponding 
period in 1914, the averages being 55 and 53.8 respec- 
tively. 

In general the divergence between changes in hourly 
and weekly earnings is much smaller than that observed 
in the metal manufacturing industries. This may be 
attributed to the fact that very little overtime was worked 
in the wool industry, as compared with the metal trades. 
While overtime was indicated in a number of individual 
establishments in 1918, the effect upon the average 
hours worked was insignificant, and, in general, time 
worked in the periods from 1914 to 1918 remained fairly 
uniform. A notable exception to the general uniformity 
of percentage increases in hourly and weekly earnings 
is found in the case of wool sorters (Table 3) . Here 
weekly earnings increased 148% against 98% for hourly 
earnings. In this case average hours in September, 1918, 
were 65 per week, a figure considerably above the average 
nominal hours for the period and indicating clearly the 
presence of overtime. 

For female workers, data based on total payroll figures 
(Table 2) show that average weekly earnings increased 
89% during the war period. The absolute average 
weekly earnings in the 1914 and 1918 periods were, 
respectively, $8.70 and $16.42. The increase in this 
case was somewhat smaller than that occurring in average 
hourly earnings due to the fact that average hours worked 
were 52 per week in the 1914 period and only 50 in 1918. 

Weekly Earnings 

September, 1918, to March, 1919 

The decrease in weekly earnings was more marked 
during this period for both males and females than that in 
hourly earnings (Tables 1 and 2). For males the decrease 
was 20%, while for females it was 18%. Average hours 
per week decreased from 55 to 46 in the case of male 
workers and from 50 to 41 for females. 

For most occupational groups the decreases in weekly 
earnings were not substantially different from those 
noted in Tables 1 and 2. For male wool sorters (Table 3) 
and females in the card room (Table 13), however, 
decreases of 423^% and 35J^%, respectively, were noted. 
Average hours in these instances decreased from 65 to 

37 



39.8 and from 51.8 to 34 respectively, reflecting the 
unsettled conditions prevailing in the industry at the time. 

Summary 

To summarize briefly the wage changes occurring in 
the wool manufacturing industry during the period 
covered by the data submitted, it may be stated that 
hourly earnings for most of the groups increased 100% 
or more up to September, 1918. For the period Septem- 
ber, 1918, and March, 1919, a slight decrease occurred 
in most of the occupations. 

Changes in weekly earnings up to September, 1918, 
were in most cases in fair agreement with those in hourly 
earnings, thus indicating that average hours actually 
worked in the different payroll periods considered were 
comparatively uniform. For the period September, 1918, 
to March, 1919, however, there was a sharp reduction in 
weekly earnings due chiefly to a reduction in average 
hours worked. 

Charts 

Chart 9 is constructed from index numbers of hourly 
and weekly earnings of male and female workers pre- 
sented in Tables 1 and 2. Unlike the similar chart for the 
metal manufacturing industries, all curves lie near together 
up to September, 1918, indicating that earnings of men 
and women increased at substantially the same rate 
during the period, and also that average hours worked 
did not vary greatly from year to year. This does not 
necessarily mean, however, that average hours of males 
and females were the same. On the contrary, the average 
hours worked by women throughout the entire period 
were consistently lower than those of men. (See Table 2.) 
The sharp drop in the curves of weekly earnings between 
September, 1918, and March, 1919, is the direct result 
of a corresponding decline in the average hours worked 
during the latter period. The curves for hourly earnings 
indicate only a slight decrease in each case as compared 
with the 1918 figures. 

Charts 10 and 11 show comparisons, respectively, of 
average absolute hourly and weekly earnings of men and 
women for the chosen period in each year. 

38 



WOOL MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY: SUMMARIES OF PAYROLL 
AVERAGES FOR ALL MALE AND FEMALE WORKERS AND FOR 

SPECIFIED OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS, SEPTEMBER, I914, 

MARCH, 19 1 9 

(National Industrial Conference Board) 

TABLE 1. Total Payroll Data: Males — 20 Establishments 



One 


Total 
number 
workers 


Average 

number hrs. 

per week 


Actual 


earnings 


Index numbers 


week 
in: 


Av. hourly 


Av. weekly 


Hourly 
earnings 


Weekly 
earnings 




A 


B 


c 


D 


E 


F 


Sept., 1914 


9,105 


53.8 


% .215 


$11.52 | 


| 100 


100 


Sept., 1915 


8,957 


51.5 


.214 


11.05 | 


100 


96 


Sept., 1916 


9,875 


54 


.251 


13.51 | 


| 117 


117 


Sept., 1917 


9,558 


55 


.308 


16.97 | 


143 


147 


Sept., 1918 


9,406 


55 


.424 


23.21 | 


| 197 


202 


March, 1919 


7,868 


46 


.405 


18.61 1 


188 


162 


TABI 


>E 2. Total Payroll Data : Females — 20 Establishments 


Sept., 1914 


6,943 


52 | 


| .167 


8.70 | 


100 


100 


Sept., 1915 


6,648 


48.8 | 


| .162 


7.89 | 


97 


91 


Sept., 1916 


7,243 


51.8 | 


| .199 


10.30 I 


1 119 


118 


Sept., 1917| 


7,279 


50.5 | 


| .250 


12.69 | 


150 


146 


Sept., 1918 


7,576 


50 | 


| .329 


16.42 | 


197 


189 


March, 1919 | 


6,635 


41 


| .328 


13.46 | 


| 196 


155 


TABLE 


, 3. Sortir 


tg — Pieceworkers : Males — 6 Establishments 


Sept., 1914 | 


211 


52 | 


.296 


15.37 | 


100 


100 


Sept., 1915| 


228 


59 


.295 


17.40 | 


100 


113 


Sept., 1916| 


250 


58 | 


| .339 


19.71 | 


115 


128 


Sept., 1917 | 


243 


66 | 


.424 


28.05 | 


143 


183 


Sept., 1918 | 


252 


65 | 


.586 


38.10 


198 


248 


March, 1919 | 


168 


39.8 | 


.552 


21.90 | 


187 


143 


TABLE 


4. Cardin 


g — Timeworkers : Males — 17 Establishments 


Sept., 1914 | 


641 


54.5 | 


.177 


9.64 | 


100 


100 


Sept., 1915| 


689 


52.3 I 


| .180 


9.39 | 


102 


97 


Sept., 1916 | 


658 


56 | 


.213 


11.95 | 


120 


124 


Sept., 1917 | 


630 


55.3 | 


.272 


15.05 | 


154 


156 


Sept., 1918 | 


677 | 


55 | 


.376 


20.60 | 


212 


214 


March, 1919 | 


548 | 


45.5 | 


.384 


17.45 


217 


181 


TABLE 


5. Spinnir 


lg — Timeworkers: Males — 16 Establishments 


Sept., 1914 | 


413 | 


53.8 | 


.182 


9.75 | 


100 


100 


Sept., 1915 | 


424 | 


51.5 


.182 


9.38 | 


100 


96 


Sept., 1916 | 


459 | 


52.2 | 


.222 


11.62 | 


122 


119 


Sept., 1917 | 


363 | 


52.2 1 


.293 


15.30 | 


161 | 


157 


Sept., 1918 | 


372 | 


51.5 | 


.407 


20.99 | 


224 


215 


March, 1919 | 


296 | 


44.5 


.394 


17.58 


217 


180 


Table 6 


. Spinnin 


g — Piecew 


orkers: Males — 13 Establishments 


Sept., 1914| 


954 | 


52.8 | 


.162 | 


8.56 | 


100 


100 


Sept., 1915 | 


925 | 


45.5 | 


.166 | 


7.54 | 


103 | 


88 


Sept., 1916| 


908 | 


53.3 | 


.194 | 


10.29 | 


120 


120 


Sept., 1917 | 


960 | 


52 1 


.243 | 


12.64 | 


150 1 


148 


Sept., 1918| 


1,043 | 


49 | 


.345 I 


16.91 | 


213 | 


198 


March, 1919 | 


811 | 


37.5 | 


.329 [ 


12.30 | 


203 | 


144 



39 



WOOL MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY ; (continued) I SUMMARIES 

OF PAYROLL AVERAGES FOR ALL MALE AND FEMALE WORKERS 
AND FOR SPECIFIED OCCUPATIONAL , GROUPS, SEPTEMBER, 

I914, MARCH, I919 

(National Industrial Conference Board) 

TABLE 7. Reeling, Winding, Soooling — Timeworkers: Males — 6-Estab. 



One 

week 

in: 



Total 
number 
workers 



Average 

number hrs. 

per week 



Actual earnings 



Av. hourly Av. weekly 



Index numbers 



Hourly 
earnings 



Weekly 
earnings 



A 



B 



D 



Sept., 1914 



95 



53.8 



$ .201 



$10.68 



100 



100 



Sept., 1915 



87 



54.8 



.203 



11.09 



101 



104 



Sept., 1916 



55 



56.5 



.237 



13.35 



118 



125 



Sept., 1917 



47 



53.8 



.329 



17.95 



164 



168 



Sept., 1918 



61 



.418 



20.35 



208 



191 



March, 1919 



80 



I 48.3 I 



.417 I 20.80 || 207 | 195 



TABLE 



8. Weaving — Timeworkers : Males — 16 Establishments 



Sept., 1914 



646 



52.5 



.252 



13.24 



100 



100 



Sept., 1915 



548 



49.8 



.249 



12.39 



99 



94 



Sept., 1916 



641 



52 



|| .294 I 15.26 



117 



115 



Sept., 1917 



621 50.8 



.355 



18.06 



141 



136 



Sept., 1918 



565 



49 



.521 25.50 



207 



193 



March, 1919 



624 J 43.5 || 



.471 



20.48 || 187 



155 



TABLE 



9. Weaving — Pieceworkers: Males — 17 Establishments 



Sept., 1914 



1,534 I 51.2 || .225 11.55 || 100 | 100 



Sept., 1915 



1,534 



47 



.227 



10.70 



101 



93 



Sept., 1916 



1,518 



51.5 



.271 



13.92 



120 



121 



Sept., 1917 



1,552 



53 



|| .319 I 16.90 



142 



146 



Sept., 1918 



1,404 



52.5 || .472 



24.76 



210 



214 



March, 1919 



1,175 



43 



II -457 



19.59 



203 



170 



TABLE 



10. Dyeing — Timeworkers: Males — 14 Establishments 



Sept., 1914 



922 



54.3 



.175 



9.49 



100 



100 



Sept., 1915 



985 I 52.8 



.169 



8.97 



97 



95 



Sept., 1916 



1,004 I 52.3 || .206 | 11.20 



118 



118 



Sept., 1917 



847 



55.3 



.255 



14.10 



146 



149 



Sept., 1918 



846 



53.8 



.351 



18.93 



201 



200 



March, 1919 



713 I 47.8 || .356 | 17.00 



203 



179 



TABLE 



11. Finishing — Timeworkers: Males — 18 Establishments 



Sept., 1914 



920 



51.8 



.215 



11.10 



100 



100 



Sept., 1915 



889 I 43.8 || 



.203 



8.93 



94 



81 



Sept., 1916 



965 



54 



.231 



12.50 



107 



113 



Sept., 1917 



872 I 54.3 || .281 | 15.21 



131 



137 



Sept., 1918 



868 



51.5 



.391 



20.10 



182 



181 



March, 1919 



757 



43 



|| .385 I "16.55 



1/9 



149 



TABLE 12. 



Misc. Unskilled Labor — Timeworkers: Males — 10 Estab. 



Sept., 1914 



332 J 57.5 || .201 I II.61) || 



100 



100 



Sept., 1915 



332 I 57.3 || .216 



12.42 



108 



1Q7 



Sept., 1916 



363 



53 



|| .246 I 13.04 1 1 122 I 112 



Sept., 1917 



422 I 55 ! 5 || .264 



14.65 



131 



126 



Sept., 1918 



409 



58 



|| .384 



22.20 



191 



191 



March, 1919 



382 



52 



|| .406 I 21.20 || :~202 



183 



40 



WOOL MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY {continued) \ SUMMARIES 

OF PAYROLL AVERAGES FOR ALL MALE AND FEMALE WORKERS 
AND FOR SPECIFIED OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS, SEPTEMBER, 

I9I4, MARCH, I919 

(National Industrial Conference Board) 
TABLE 13. Carding — Timeworkers: Females — <> Establishments 



One 


Total 
number 
workers 


Average 

number hrs. 

per week 


Actual 


earnings 


Index numbers 


week 
in: 


Av. hourly 


Av. weekly 


Hourly 
earnings 


Weekly 
earnings 




A 


B 


c 


1 D 


E 


F 


Sept., 1914 


144 


. 53.5 


! % .137 


| $7.35 


100 


| 100 


Sept., 1915 


113 


52.8 


I .120 


| 6.32 


I 88 


I 86 


Sept., 1916 


181 


53.8 


I .170 


9.18 


| 124 


| 125 


Sept., 1917 


175 


55 


| .223 


| 11.79 


| 163 


| 160 


Sept., 1918 


215 


51.8 


| .296 


| 15.35 I 


| 216 


| 209 


March, 1919 


142 


34 


| ' .291 


9.91 


| 212 


| 135 


TABLE V 


1. Spinnin 


g — Timeworkers : Females — 11 Establishments 


Sept., 1914 


1,088 


52 


| .136 


7.12 | 


| 100 


| 100 


Sept., 1915 


1,025 


45.8 


| .136 


| 6.26 | 


I 100 


88 


Sept., 1916 


971 


53.3 


| .166 


| 8.82 | 


1 122 


124 


Sept., 1917 


986 


51.8 


| .215 


11.22 | 


| 158 


158 


Sept., 1918 


1,152 


49.3 


.295 


| 14.59 | 


| 217 


205 


March, 1919 


1,003 


39.8 


| .281 


| 10.79 | 


| 207 


152 


TABLE 1 


5. Soinni 


ng — Pieceworkers : 


Females — 


4 Establishments 


Sept., 1914| 


324 


50 


| .157 


1 7.87 | 


| 100 


| 100 


Sept., 1915| 


353 


49.3 


| .166 


8.15 | 


| 106 


| 104 


Sept., 1916| 


292 


50.5 


| .198 


I 10.00 1 


| 126 


| 127 


Sept., 1917 


255 


51.5 


| .243 


1 12.48 | 


| 155 


| 159 


Sept., 1918 


300 


51.3 


| .320 


| 16.35 | 


| 204 


| 208 


March, 1919 


234 


40.8 


| .315 


| 12.85 


| 201 


| 163 


TABLE 16. 


Reeling, Winding, Spooling — Timeworkers 


Females 


—7 Estab. 


Sept., 1914 


227 


52.5 


| .129 


6.79 | 


100 


100 


Sept., 1915 


269 


52 


| .131 


I 6.82 | 


| 102 


| 100 


Sept., 1916 


200 


51.5 


| .155 


8.00 | 


| 120 


118 


Sept., 1917 


164 


46.5 


| .196 


| 9.15 


C '152 


| 135 


Sept., 1918 


167 


49.8 


| .277 


| 13.78 | 


| " 215 


| 203 


March, 1919 


213 


49.8 


| .283 


| 14.10 


| 219 


| 208 


TABLE 17. 


Reeling, W 


inding, Spooling — Pieceworkers 


Females 


— 6 Estab. 


Sept., 1914 


145 


51.8 


| .172 


8.95 


| 100 


| 100 


Sept., 1915 


125 


48.8 


| .169 


| 8.25 


98 


! 92 


Sept., 1916 


142 


48.8 


| .202 


9.95 | 


1 117 


1 HI 


Sept., 1917 


92 


50 


|| .239 


| 11.95 


| 139 


| 134 


Sept., 1918 


91 


50.3 


I .314 


1 15.72 


I 183 


| 176 


March, 1919 


109 


45 | 


| .331 


' 14.82 | 


192 


166 


TABLE 1 


8. Drawin 


ig — Timeworkers : Females — 5 Establishments 


Sept., 1914 


423 


53 


| .146 


1 7.77 | 


| 100 


| 100 


Sept., 1915 


421 


49.5 


| .144 


1 7.15 | 


| 99 


| 92 


Sept., 1916 


416 


53.5 


| .177 


9.49 1 


| 121 


| 122 


Sept., 1917 


350 


51.5 


| .218 


1 1121 | 


| 149 


| 144 


Sept., 1918 


466 


52.5 


| .286 


| 15.00 | 


| 196 


I 193 


March, 1919 


369 


36.5 


| .296 


| 10.80 | 


| 203 


| 139 



41 



WOOL MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY {continued) \ SUMMARIES 

OF PAYROLL AVERAGES FOR ALL MALE AND FEMALE WORKERS 
AND FOR SPECIFIED OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS, SEPTEMBER, 

I914, MARCH, I919 

(National Industrial Conference Board) 
TABLE 19. Weaving — Pieceworkers: Females — 15 Establishments 



One 


Total 
number 
workers 


Average 

number hrs. 

per week 


Actual 


earnings 


Index numbers 


week 
in: 


Av. hourly 


Av. weekly 


Hourly 
earnings 


Weekly 
earnings 


1 A 


B 


c 


D 


1 E 


F 


Sept., 1914 


1,816 


52.3 


1 $ .201 


$10.47 


| 100 


100 


Sept., 1915 


1,554 


48 


| .195 


| 9.36 


I 97 


| 89 


Sept., 1916 


1,831 


53.3 


| .242 


| 12.87 


| 120 


1 123 


Sept., 1917 


1,967 


50.8 


| .303 


15.39 


| 151 


147 


Sept., 1918 


2,022 


50.8 


| .392 


19.88 


| 195 


190 


March, 1919 


1,485 


40 


| .418 


16.71 


I 208 


160 


TABLE 20 


. Finishir 


lg — Timeworkers : Females — 


L4 Establishments 


Sept., 1914 


757 


49.8 


| .176 


8.78 


| 100 


100 


Sept., 1915 


824 


50.5 


.152 


7.72 


| 86 


88 


Sept., 1916 


1,067 


51.3 


| .180 


9.24 


| 102 


105 


Sept., 1917 


670 


51.5 


| .212 


1 10.86 


| 121 


124 


Sept., 1918 


731 


49.5 


| .274 


| 13.45 


| 156 


153 


March, 1919 


683 


39.8 


| .280 


| 11.11 


| 159 


127 


TABLE 2 


I. Finishii 


ag — Pieceworkers : Females — 


7 Establishments 


Sept., 1914 


235 


49.5 


| .215 


| 10.62 


| 100 


100 


Sept., 1915 


182 


49.3 


| .217 


10.68 


| 101 


101 


Sept., 1916 


191 


46.8 


| .247 


| 11.58 


1 115 


109 


Sept., 1917 


160 


52.8 


| .315 


| 16.56 


| 147 


156 


Sept., 1918 


123 


49.5 


| .421 


| 20.75 


| 196 


195 


March, 1919 


140 


47.3 


| .442 


20.85 


| 206 


196 



SUPPLEMENTAL DATA 

In addition to the data tabulated above, figures were also 
received from 7 Massachusetts mills covering a somewhat 
different period but, in general, compiled in such a man- 
ner as not to permit of ready inclusion with the others. 
These figures represent full-time earnings and were based 
upon averages of payrolls for the month of June in each 
of the years 1914 to 1918 inclusive. The average number 
employed in these mills was 1,097 males and 1,813 
females in June, 1914, and 1,150 and 1,651, respectively, 
in June, 1918. 

Tables 22 to 31, inclusive, contain averages of earnings 
and corresponding index numbers for male and female 
workers in these seven establishments except in the case 
of weavers, for whom only combined figures for males 
and females were obtainable. The data did not permit 
of the separation of earnings of timeworkers and piece- 
workers. 

42 



Figures in Tables 22 and 23 are based on total payroll 
averages of all occupations combined. The index numbers 
show increases of 123% in hourly and 114% in weekly 
earnings of male workers, while for female workers 
the increases were 122% and 115%, respectively. 

These increases, as well as the absolute average earnings 
in June, 1918, are considerably higher than those for the 
larger number of mills included in Tables 1 and 2 for 
September, 1918. Thus, taking averages for the total 
payroll data, the absolute hourly earnings of males in 
June, 1918, in the 7 mills were 49.9 cents as compared with 
42.4 cents for the 20 establishments given in Table 1. 
Similarly, the average hourly earnings of females in the 7 
mills were 35 cents, against 32.9 cents in the 20 establish- 
ments included in Table 2. In the case of some specific 
occupations, even greater divergence is at times shown 
between the two groups. Similar differences appear in the 
comparisons of weekly earnings. 

With respect to weekly earnings, one principal ex- 
planation of the differences is to be found in the fact that 
the figures for the 7 mills represent computed full-time 
earnings and therefore make no allowance for absence 
and labor turnover, on the one hand, or overtime on the 
other. A further explanation is to be found in the fact 
that in this group of 7 mills much of the work was on 
government contracts and of an unusually uniform 
character, which greatly facilitated efficiency of produc- 
tion. It should be noted that in 1914 the absolute hourly 
and weekly earnings in this group of 7 establishments did 
not differ strikingly from those for the 20 establishments 
given in Tables 1 and 2. 

To a considerable extent these influences also explain 
the differences in hourly earnings, but it seems probable 
that a major factor in this case was the uniform character 
of much of the work in this group of 7 establishments. 

Bearing in mind these considerations and the important 
factor that the figures for the 7 mills were computed full- 
time earnings, the differences are not surprising. 

The average cumulative total of the general percentage 
increases announced in these mills between June, 1914, and 
July, 1918, was 82^£%. The lowest increase reported 
for any mill was 72^%, the highest 113%. It will be 
noted that this general increase was less than that shown 
by the index numbers of Tables 22 and 23 and indicates 
that other advances in the wages of individuals or of cer- 
tain groups had been made from time to time. 

43 



WOOL MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY! SUMMARIES OF PAYROLL 
AVERAGES FOR ALL MALE AND FEMALE WORKERS AND FOR 

SPECIFIED OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS, JUNE, I914, JUNE, I918, 

IN A GROUP OF SEVEN ESTABLISHMENTS 

Figures in columns C and D in these tables represent computed full-time earnings 

(National Industrial Conference Board) 

TABLE 22. Total Payroll Data*: Males — 7 Establishments 



c 


ne 
eek 
n: 


Total 
number 
workers 


Average 

number hrs. 

per week 


Actual 


earnings 


Index numbers 


w 
i 


Av. hourly 


Av. weekly 


Hourly 
earnings 


Weekly 
earnings 




A 


B 


c 


i D 


E 


F 


June, 


1914 


1,097 


55.5 


1 % .224 


| $12.40 


100 


100 


June, 


1915 


812 


52 


| .245 


I 12.70 


I 109 


102 


June, 


1916 


1,125 


51.5 


| .302 


15.50 


| 135 


125 


June, 


1917 


1,05/ 


52.5 


| .3/6 


| 19.80 


I 168 


160 


June, 


1918 


1,150 


53 


I .499 


I 26.50 


1 223 


214 




TABLI 


I 23. Total Payroll Data*: Females — 7 Establishments 


June, 


1914 


1,813 


55 


I .158 


8.70 | 


| 100 


100 


June, 


1915 


1,031 


49.5 


| .165 


8.1/ 


| 104 


94 


June, 


1916 


1,997 


52 


| .210 


| 10.86 | 


| 133 


125 


June, 


1917 


1,639 


52 


| .254 


| 13.28 


| 161 


153 


June, 


1918 


1,651 


53.5 


I .350 


| 18.70 


| 222 


215 




1 


rABLE 24. 


Carding: 


Males — 


7 Establishments 




June, 


1914 


143 


58 | 


| .152 


8.85 | 


| 100 


100 


June, 


1915 


139 


52 | 


| .165 


8.63 | 


| 109 


98 


June, 


1916 


173 


54 | 


| .196 


10.62 (I 129 


120 


June, 


1917 


182 


56 


| .246 


13. /0 | 


| 162 


155 


June, 


1918 


196 


58 


| .331 


| 20.4/ I 


| 218 


231 




T 


ABLE 25. 


Spinning 


: Males - 


— 7 Establishments 




June, 


1914 


38/ 


62 | 


| .188 


11.61) | 


1 100 


100 


June, 


1915 


2/7 


56 | 


| .250 


13.93 | 


| 133 


120 


June, 


1916 


409 


51 


| .296 


15.80 | 


| 158 


136 


June, 


1917 


313 


53 


| .410 


21.65 | 


| 218 


187 


June, 


1918 


412 


52 


| .5/5 


30.00 | 


| 306 


259 


TABLE 26. 


Weaving : 


Males and Females Combined- 


—7 Establishments 


June, 


1914 


2,34/ 


43.5 | 


| .242 


10.50 | 


1 wo | 


100 


June, 


1915 


1,1/8 


53 


.236 


12.55 | 


98 | 


120 


June, 


1916 


1,92/ 


54 | 


| .335 


18.00 | 


1 139 | 


171 


June, 


1917 


. 2,260 


54 | 


1 -425 


22.90 | 


1/6 | 


218 


June, 


1918 


2,386 


54 | 


| .534 


28.68 | 


| 221 | 


273 




T 


ABLE 27. 


Loom-fixing: Males 


— 7 Establishments 




June, 


1914| 


153 | 


53.5 | 


1 ,317 


1/.00 | 


100 | 


100 


June, 


1915| 


98 | 


53.5 | 


1 .304 


16.30 | 


96 | 


96 


Junej 


1916 


154 | 


53.5 | 


| .469 


25.10 | 


148 | 


148 


June, 


1917 


162 | 


53.5 | 


| .496 


26.60 | 


15/ | 


157 


June, 


1918| 


181 | 


54.5 | 


.541 | 


29.40 | 


1/1 | 


173 



* Excludes General Labor 



44 



WOOL MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY (continued) '. SUMMARIES 

OF PAYROLL AVERAGES FOR ALL MALE AND FEMALE WORKERS 
AND FOR SPECIFIED OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS, JUNE, I914, 
JUNE, I9l8, IN A GROUP OF SEVEN ESTABLISHMENTS 

Figures in columns C and D in these tables represent computed full-time earnings 

(National Industrial Conference Board) 

TABLE 28. Carding: Females — 2 Establishments 



One 

week 
in: 


Total 
number 
workers 


Average 

number hrs. 

per week 


Actual 


earnings 


Index numbers 


Av. hourly 


Av. weekly 


Hourly 
earnings 


Weekly 
earnings 


i 


A 


B 


c 


D l 


1 E 


F 


June, 1914 1 


42 


53.5 


$ .131 | 


$7.04 | 


100 


100 


June, 1915 | 


40 


53.5 


.129 


6.91 | 


99 


98 



June, 1916 



46 



53.5 



.165 



8.76 



126 



124 



June, 1917 



56 



53.5 



.206 



11.05 



157 



157 



June, 1918 | 



52 



53.5 



.289 



14.83 



221 



211 



TABLE 29. Spinning: Females — 3 Establishments 



June, 1914 



387 



54 



.132 



7.15 



10J 



100 



June, 1915 



109 



42.5 



142 



6.05 



108 



85 



June, 1916 



355 



47 



.204 



9.68 



156 



135 



June, 1917 



322 



50 



.216 



10.72 



164 



150 



June, 1918 



413 



53 



.359 



19.10 



272 



267 



TABLE 30. Burlers: Females — 7 Establishments 



June, 1914 1 382 



53.5 



.156 



8.32 



100 



100 



June, 1915 | 229 



53 



158 



8.3J 



101 



100 



June, 1916 



385 



53.5 



.215 



11.50 



138 



138 



June, 1917 



369 



53 



.282 



14.90 



181 



179 



June, 1918 



297 



54 



.358 



19. 3J 



230 



232 



TABLE 31. Menders: Females — 6 Establishments 



June, 1914 | 



637 



52.5 



.188 



9.91 



100 



100 



June, 1915 1 344 

June, 1916 | 



June, 1917 
June, 1918 



668 
470 

490 



52.5 
53.8 
53 

54 



.191 
.240 
!306~ 

.398 



10.00 
12.90 
16.23 
21.40 



102 
128 
163 
212 



101 
130 
164 
216 



45 



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ON TOTAL PAYROLL AVERAGES 

o third week of September / 9/4-/9/6 
nd first week of March 13/3 

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4S 



V 

SILK MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY 

Wage data applying to the silk industry were obtained 
from 29 identical establishments, located chiefly in the 
States of New Jersey and Pennsylvania, employing 
4,897 males in 1914, 4,151 in 1918, and 4,539 in 1919; 
6,312 females in 1914, 6,095 in 1918, and 6,178 in 1919. 
For the period September, 1914, to September, 1918, 
these figures indicate a falling off of 15% in employment 
of men and of 33^% in employment of women. The 
number employed in March, 1919, was slightly larger 
than in the preceding September, but still somewhat 
smaller than in September, 1914. 

Hourly Earnings 
September, 1914, to September, 1918 

Table 1 presents averages for all male workers in the 
29 identical establishments. As noted in column C of 
this table, average hourly earnings advanced from 23.0 
cents in 1914 to 43.1 cents in 1918, an increase for the 
period of 88%. In the several occupational groups 
hourly earnings of males show wide differences in per- 
centage changes. For weavers on piecework (Table 4) 
hourly earnings advanced from 21.6 cents in 1914 to 44.1 
cents in 1918, an increase of 104%, and for miscellaneous 
unskilled labor (Table 6) they advanced from 25.1 
cents in 1914 to 47.2 cents in 1918, an increase of 88%. 
In contrast to these groups the hourly averages for weavers 
on timework (Table 5) rose from 30.2 cents in 1914 
to 43.3 cents in 1918, an increase of only 43%; for warpers 
(Table 3) the increase was 66%. It will be noted, 
however, that the actual earnings of weavers on timework 
in 1914 were comparatively high. 

Table 2 gives averages for all female workers in the 
29 identical establishments. Average hourly earnings, 
as noted in column C of this table, advanced from 15.6 
cents in 1914 to 28.5 cents in 1918, an increase of 83%. 
The greatest increase was shown by weavers on piecework 
(Table 11), for whom the average increased from 15.4 
cents in 1914 to 32.2 cents in 1918, an advance of 109%. 

49 



There was a noteworthy similarity in percentage changes 
for warpers (Table 10), quillers (Table 9), and winders 
on piecework (Table 8), these being 80%, 79%, and 78% 
respectively; the absolute earnings in these groups 
differed considerably. In contrast to the increases in 
these four groups was the comparatively low increase 
of 49% for winders on timework (Table 7). 

Total payroll averages indicate that, as a whole, 
hourly earnings of male and female workers advanced 
during the war period in about the same proportion 
(Tables 1 and 2 and Chart 12), the increase for men being 
88% and for women 83%. There was, however, consider- 
able difference in actual money earned, males earning 
23 cents per hour in 1914 and females 15.6 cents. For 
only one class of workers, weavers on piecework (Tables 
4 and 11), was there an opportunity to compare the per- 
centage increase in earnings of males and females in 
similar occupations. In this occupation hourly averages 
of males increased from 21.6 cents to 44.1 cents during 
the war period, an advance of 104%, as compared with 
109% for female workers, for whom absolute earnings 
advanced from 15.4 cents to 32.2 cents. 

Opportunity for comparison of percentage increases 
in hourly earnings of timeworkers and pieceworkers in 
similar occupations is limited to two groups, namely, 
male weavers (Tables 4 and 5) and female winders 
(Tables 7 and 8). In both cases pieceworkers show 
very much higher percentage increases. Thus hourly 
earnings of female winders on piecework increased 
during the war period by 78% as compared with 49% 
for those on timework. Hourly earnings of male weavers 
on piecework increased 104% as compared with 43% 
for timeworkers. It will be noted, however, that in 1914 
the absolute amount earned per hour by timeworkers was 
higher in both groups than that earned by pieceworkers. 
Thus hourly earnings of female winders on timework in 
1914 were 15.4 cents as compared with 12.9 cents for 
pieceworkers, and for male weavers on timework they 
were 30.2 cents as compared with 21.6 cents for those 
on piecework. 

Hourly Earnings 

September, 1918, to March, 1919 

Between September, 1918, and March, 1919, average 
hourly earnings of male workers rose from 43.1 cents to 

50 



45.3 cents (Table I), an increase of 5%. This increase was 
accompanied by an increase of 10% in the number of male 
workers. 

The increase in number of male workers did not, 
however, extend to all occupational groups. In two, 
warpers and miscellaneous unskilled labor (Tables 3 and 
6) respectively, fewer employees were reported in March, 
1919, than in the preceding September. For these two 
groups, as well as for weavers on piecework (Table 4), 
average hourly earnings in March, 1919, were higher 
than in September, 1918. The increases were small, 
however, that of warpers from 37.5 cents to 40.6 cents, 
an advance of 8%, being the largest. In one group, 
weavers on timework, a 3% decrease from 43.3 cents 
to 41.9 cents is indicated (Table 5). 

For the entire 43/2-year pejiod under investigation 
the hourly earnings for all male workers advanced 97%. 

In the case of female workers only a slight increase 
in the number employed took place between September, 

1918, and March, 1919, in the 29 reporting establishments 
(Table 2). Their average hourly earnings increased 
in this period from 28.5 cents to 31.2 cents, an advance of 
9%, bringing the increase for the entire 43/2-year period 
up to 100%. 

For female workers all of the occupational groups 
indicated increases in average hourly earnings in the 
period September, 1918, to March, 1919. Averages 
for winders on piecework (Table 8) increased during the 
six months from 22.9 cents to 26.8 cents, an advance of 
17%, bringing the total increase for the 4^-year period 
for this group up to 108%. Hourly earnings of weavers 
on piecework (Table 11) averaged 35.3 cents in March, 

1919, an increase of 93/2% over those of September, 
1918, and of 129% for the entire period covered by the 
investigations. 

Weekly Earnings 

September, 1914, to September, 1918 

Owing to the fact that the average hours worked per 
week in 1914 and 1918 by male workers differed only 
slightly, no marked divergence in percentage changes 
in hourly and weekly earnings was noted. In the total 
payroll data, weekly earnings of males increased from 

51 



$11.77 to $21.54 during the war period, an advance 
of 83%, as compared with 88% in hourly earnings. 
This slight difference is explained by a decrease in average 
hours from 51.2 in 1914 to 50 in 1918. The movement 
of weekly earnings in the specified occupational groups, 
however, showed greater variations. The percentage 
increase in weekly earnings of weavers on timework 
(Table 5), for example, was 51% against 43% in hourly 
earnings. Again in the case of warpers (Table 3) the 
increases in weekly and hourly earnings were, respec- 
tively, 55% and 66%. In this case average hours worked 
per week were less in 1918 than in 1914. In all cases 
the divergences noted were practically proportional 
to the differences in average hours worked in the 1918 
and 1914 periods. 

In the payroll averages of female workers (Table 2) 
weekly earnings advanced during the war period from 
$7.49 to $14.06, an increase of 88%. This coincides 
closely with the change in hourly earnings, since there was 
only a slight difference in average hours worked per week 
in the two periods. Among the occupational groups, 
however, there were several instances of marked difference 
in the averages for hours worked per week, with con- 
sequent wide divergences in percentage changes in 
average weekly and average hourly earnings. Notable 
examples of such divergences are found in the case of 
winders on piecework (Table 8), in which weekly earnings 
increased 103% as compared with 78% in hourly earnings, 
and of warpers on piecework (Table 10), in which the 
increases in weekly and hourly earnings were 104% and 
7 respectively. 



Weekly Earnings 
September, 1918, to March, 1919 

In data applying to the total payrolls as well as to 
the occupational groups for both male and female workers, 
weekly earnings are shown to be larger in March, 1919, 
than in the preceding September. In most groups this 
advance in weekly earnings was due to increased hourly 
earnings. 

Total payroll averages for male workers show an in- 
crease in weekly earnings from $21.54 in September, 1918, 
to $22.69 in March, 1919, as a result of higher hourly 

52 



averages, the average hours worked in the two periods 
being the same. 

Owing to an increase in hourly earnings the weekly 
earnings of male weavers on piecework (Table 4) and 
male warpers (Table 3) for the six months period advanced 
from $21.84 to $22.30 for the former and from $18.78 
to $20.16 for the latter, in spite of a reduction in average 
hours worked. The experience of weavers on timework 
(Table 5) was practically the reverse. For this group 
average weekly earnings were slightly lower in March, 1919, 
than in September, 1918. Hourly earnings for the group 
showed a proportionately greater reduction for the period, 
but the effect on weekly earnings was largely offset by an 
increase in the average hours worked per week. 

Weekly earnings of female workers, as shown by total 
payroll averages (Table 2), advanced from $14.06 in 
1918 to $15.10 in 1919, an increase of 7%. This was due 
to an increase in average hourly earnings, and brings the 
total increase for the entire 43/2-year period up to 102%. 
In general, weekly earnings of females in the various 
occupational groups were larger in March than in Sep- 
tember. Thus earnings of weavers on piecework (Table 11) 
increased from $15.90 to $17.56, or by 10%, making 
the increase for the entire period under investigation 
140%. Weekly earnings of winders on timework (Table 

7) advanced from $10.45 to $11.68, indicating an increase 
of 12% for the last six months and of 48% for the whole 
period. Weekly earnings of winders on piecework (Table 

8) and of quillers (Table 9) increased slightly in the 
last six months of the period. 

Although hourly earnings of warpers on piecework 
(Table 10) increased 12% between September, 1918, 
and March, 1919, weekly earnings failed to advance 
for this period, owing to a decrease in hours worked 
from 53.9 to 46.9. 

Summary 

The wage changes occurring in the silk manufacturing 
industry during the 43/2-year period covered by the in- 
vestigation may be briefly summarized as follows: 

Hourly earnings of all male workers, collectively, 
increased 88% to September, 1918, and 97% to March, 
1919, based on September, 1914, averages. For female 
workers these increases were 83% and 100%, respectively. 

53 



Weekly earnings of all male workers advanced 83% 
to September, 1918, and 93% to March, 1919, from the 
1914 level. For female workers these percentages were 
88% to September, 1918, and 102% o to March, 1919. 

Percentage increases in the specified occupations 
ranged from 39% to 129% in hourly earnings, and from 
49% to 140% in weekly earnings. It is significant, 
however, that with respect to numbers represented in the 
different groups, averages for more than 90% of the 
women in these occupations showed increases of 100% 
or greater for the 4J^ years. In the case of male workers, 
percentage increases were greater than 100% for only 
one group, namely, weavers on piecework (Table 4). 
This group, however, represented more than 70% of 
all men in the specified occupations. 

Charts 

Chart 12, constructed from index numbers in Tables 1 
and 2, shows graphically the relative rates of increase 
in hourly and weekly earnings for men and women 
during the entire period covered by the study. It will 
be observed that all curves lie quite close together. 
This suggests that increases were probably granted in 
the form of uniform percentage advances affecting all 
workers more or less uniformly. It also indicates a uni- 
formity in average actual hours worked in the different 
payroll periods considered. 

Chart 13 is a bar diagram representing the average 
absolute hourly earnings of male and female workers 
as tabulated in Tables 1 and 2. 

Chart 14 is a similar diagram constructed from data for 
weekly earnings in Tables 1 and 2. 



54 



SILK MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY: SUMMARIES OF PAYROLL 
AVERAGES FOR ALL MALE AND FEMALE WORKERS AND FOR 



SPECIFIED OCCUPATIONAL 
MARCH, I919 



GROUPS, SEPTEMBER, I9I4, 



(National Industrial Conference Board) 
TABLE 1. Total Payroll Data: Males — 29 Establishments 



One 


Total 
number 
workers 


Average 

number hrs. 

per week 


Actual 


earnings 


Index 1 


lumbers 


week 
in: 


Av. hourly 


Av. weekly 


Hourly 
earnings 


Weekly 
earnings 






A 


B 


c 


D 


E 


F 


Sept., 1914 




4,897 


| 51.2 


$ .230 


$11.77 


100 


100 


Sept., 1915 




4,922 


| 53.1 


.238 


12.66 


104 


| 108 


Sept., 1916 




5,010 


49.6 


.284 


14.10 


124 


| 120 


Sept., 1917 




4,778 


50.2 


.309 


15.59 


134 


| 132 


Sept., 1918 




4,151 


50.0 


.431 


21.54 


188 


| 183 


March, 1919 




4,539 


50.1 


| .453 


22.69 | 


197 


| 193 


TABLE 


2. Total Payroll Ds 


ita: Females — 29 Establishments 


Sept., 1914| 


6,312 


48.2 


| .156 


7.49 | 


| 100 


| 100 


Sept., 1915 | 


6,456 


51.2 | 


| .157 


8.02 | 


101 


| 107 


Sept., 1916| 


6,794 


49.2 


| .193 


| 9.52 


| 124 


| 127 


Sept., 1917 | 


6,619 


| 50.0 


.215 


| 10.75 


| 138 


| 144 


Sept., 1918| 


6,095 


49.3 | 


| .285 


14.06 | 


| 183 


| 188 


March, 1919 | 


6,178 


| 48.5 


| .312 


15.10 


| 200 


| 202 


TABLE 3. 


Warping — Timeworkers : Males — 12 


Establishments 


Sept., 1914| 


167 


53.7 | 


| .226 


12.10 | 


| 100 


| 100 


Sept., 1915| 


152 


53.4 


| .228 


| 12.19 


| 101 


| 101 


Sept., 1916| 


194 


49.0 | 


| .263 


12.86 | 


1 116 


1 106 


Sent., 1917 | 


153 


46.8 || .300 


14.02 | 


| 133 


| 116 


Sept., 1918 | 


144 


50.0 


| .375 


18.78 | 


| 166 


| 155 


March, 1919 | 


107 


| 49.6 


| .406 


| 20.16 | 


| 180 


| 167 


TABLE 4 


Weaving — Pieceworkers : Males — 27 


Establishments 


Sept., 1914| 


1,605 


| 48.3 | 


| .216 


10.41 | 


| 100 


100 


Sept., 1915| 


1,765 


| 51.8 


| .220 


11.41 | 


| 102 


| 110 


Sept., 1916 | 


1,900 


| 50.7 | 


| .283 


14.34 | 


| 131 


| 138 


Sept., 1917| 


2,168 


| 49.5 


| .330 


16 38 


| 153 


| 157 


Sept., 1918| 


1,741 


49.5 | 


| .441 


21.84 


| 204 


| 210 


March, 1919 | 


1,872 


| 47.8 


| .467 


22.30 | 


| 216 


214 


TABLE 5. 


Weaving — Timeworkers : Males — 10 


Establishments 


Sept., 1914| 


781 


| 46.7 


| .302 


I 14.11 | 


| 100 


I 100 


Sept., 1915 1 


960 


51.6 


I .265 


13.68 | 


| 88 


| 97 


Sept., 1916| 


767 


| 48.2 


| .320 


15.41 | 


| 106 


| 109 


Sept., 1917 | 


275 


| 50.0 


| .327 


| 16.36 | 


| 108 


| 116 


Sept., 1918| 


204 


49.2 | 


| .433 


21.30 | 


| 143 


| 151 


March, 1919 | 


235 


| 50.6 | 


| .419 


21.20 | 


| 139 


| 150 


TABLE 6. 


Misc. 


Unskilled Labor: Males — 11 Establishments 


Sept., 1914| 


258 


| 52.8 


| .251 


13.25 I 


| 100 


| 100 


Sept., 1915| 


292 


| 53.4 | 


| .252 


13.45 | 


| 100 


| 102 


Sept., 1916| 


324 


1 52.4 | 


| .268 


14.03 | 


| 107 


106 


Sept., 1917| 


377 


51.2 | 


| .309 


15.84 | 


! 123 


120 


Sept., 1918| 


417 


| 53.3 | 


| .472 


25.20 | 


| 188 


190 


March, 1919 | 


361 


| 53.8 | 


| .477 


25.69 | 


190 


194 



55 



SILK MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY {continued) I SUMMARIES 

OF PAYROLL AVERAGES FOR ALL MALE AND FEMALE WORKERS 
AND FOR SPECIFIED OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS, SEPTEMBER, 
I914, MARCH, I919 

(National Industrial Conference Board) 

TABLE 7. Winding — Timeworkers : Females — 12 Establishments 



One 

week 
in: 


Total 
number 
workers 


Average 

number hrs. 

per week 


Actual 


sarnings 


Index numbers 


Av. hourly 


Av. weekly 


Hourly 
earnings 


Weekly 
earnings 


| 


B 


c 


D 


E 


F 


Sept., 1914 | 


738 


51.2 


$ .154 | 


$7.90 


100 


100 


Sept., 1915| 


667 


43.4 | 


.179 


7.78 


116 


99 


Sept., 1916| 


571 


48.8 | 


.171 | 


8.34 


111 


106 


Sept., 1917 | 


387 


47.8 | 


.171 


8.18 | 


1 HI 


104 


Sept., 1918 


242 


45.3 | 


.230 | 


10.45 | 


| 149 


132 


March,.1919 | 


291 


47.1 | 


.248 | 


11.68 | 


161 | 


148 



TABLE 8. Winding — Pieceworkers: Females — 21 Establishments 



Sept., 1914 



646 



47.5 



.129 



6.11 



100 



100 



Sept., 1915 



646 



49.8 



.138 



6.88 



107 



113 



Sept., 1916 



611 



49.2 



.156 



7.68 



121 



126 



Sept., 1917 



681 



43.4 



.176 



7.65 



137 



125 



Sept., 1918 



428 



54.1 



.229 



12.40 



178 



203 



March, 1919 



526 



56.7 



.268 



12.51 



208 



205 



TABLE 9. Quilling — Timeworkers: Females — 7 Establishments 



Sept., 1914 



98 1 50.9 1| .112 I 



5.68 



100 



100 



Sept., 1915 



59 



50.2 



.110 



5.54 



98 



98 



Sept., 1916 



72 



48.7 



.128 



6.22 



114 



110 



Sept., 1917 



70 



48.5 .142 



6.88 



127 



121 



Sept., 1918 



55 



48.4 



.200 



9.71 



179 



171 



March, 1919 



56 45.7 .221 | 10.09 



197 



178 



TABLE 10. Warping — Pieceworkers: Females — 23 Establishments 



Sept., 1914| 633 47.3 



.146 



6.90 



100 



100 



Sept., 1915| 708 53.2 || .171 | 



9.08 



117 



132 



Sept., 1916| 



663 



51.2 



.191 



9.80 131 142 



Sept., 1917 I 



591 



52.2 



.212 



11.05 



145 



160 



Sept., 1918| 489 53.9 || 



.262 



14.10 



180 



204 



March, 1919 



615 



46.9 



.294 



13.76 



201 



200 



TABLE 11. Weaving — Pieceworkers: Females — 26 Establishments 



Sept., 1914| 1,965 



47.5 



.154 



7.32 



100 



100 



Sept., 1915| 2,042 | 53.2 



.164 8.70 || 107 ! 119 



Sept., 1916 1 . 2,320 



51.8 || .189 I 9.77 || 123 I 134 



Sept., 1917 1 2,353 I 50.9 II .235 I 11.96 II 



153 



164 



Sept., 1918| 2,161 49.4 



.322 



15.90 



209 



217 



March, 1919| 2,207 49.8 || .353 | 17.56 || 229 | 240 



56 



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59 



VI 

BOOT AND SHOE INDUSTRY 

Wage data applying to the boot and shoe industry 
were secured from 14 establishments located in the States 
of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Ohio, 
Illinois and Missouri. These establishments employed 
7,575 male workers in 1914, 7,349 in 1918, and 7,419 
in 1919; female workers numbered 3,841 in 1914, 4,305 
in 1918, and 4,667 in 1919. The statistics indicate a 
decrease of 3% in the number of male workers employed 
between 1914 and 1918 and of 2% between 1914 and 
1919. The number of women employed, on the other 
hand, increased 12% above the 1914 total up to Septem- 
ber, 1918, and to nearly 21% in March, 1919. 

Hourly earnings in the boot and shoe industry were 
generally characterized by lower percentage increases 
between September, 1914, and September, 1918, than 
those of the other industries covered by this study. 
The increase applying to all male workers collectively was 
only 67% for the period, while for female workers it was 
lower, namely, 55%. For the different occupations in the 
industry the increases ranged for the most part between 
48% and 75%. No increases were higher than 78%. 

While percentage increases were thus comparatively 
low, this was not true of absolute earnings. On the 
contrary, in the case of male workers, total payroll 
averages of hourly earnings in the boot and shoe industry 
were higher in 1914 than for any of the other industries 
covered, and in September, 1918, were exceeded only by 
those for the rubber and metal industries. Hourly earn- 
ings of women were also higher than those in the other 
industries in 1914 and only slightly lower than those of 
the highest groups in 1918 and 1919. 

Important advances in earnings occurred between 
September, 1918, and March, 1919, thus bringing the 
percentage increases up to a point of favorable com- 
parison with the other industries. 

60 



Hourly Earnings 

September, 1914, to September, 1918 

Average hourly earnings of all male workers in 14 
establishments, collectively (Table 1), increased from 29.2 
cents in 1914 to 48.9 cents in 1918, an advance of 67%, 
and but few important divergences from this percentage 
of increase were noted in the different occupations. In 
eight groups (Tables 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12) the per- 
centage increase in hourly averages ranged somewhat 
above that applying to the total payroll figures, men 
in the lasting department on piecework (Table 8) showing 
the greatest advance, namely, 78%. In' the five remain- 
ing groups (Tables 3, 7, 13, 14 and 15) the percentage 
increases were smaller than that indicated by the total 
payroll averages. Of these, an increase of 48% for 
miscellaneous unskilled labor (Table 15) was the smallest. 

Average hourly earnings of female workers irrespective 
of occupation, in the 14 establishments represented in 
the total payroll data (Table 2), advanced from 19.2 
cents in 1914 to 29.8 cents in 1918, an increase of 55%. 

In the data secured, women workers were represented 
in' sufficient numbers to warrant tabulation for only three 
occupational groups, that of fitting, pieceworkers (Table 
17), being the most important. The largest percentage 
of increase between 1914 and 1918 for any occupation 
employing women, namely, 72%, occurred in this group. 
Increases for the other two groups, upper leather cutters 
(Table 16) and timeworkers in the fitting department 
(Table 18), were 57% and 29%, respectively. 



Hourly Earnings 
September, 1918, to March, 1919 

Average hourly earnings of all male workers, collec- 
tively, in 14 establishments, for the period September, 
1918, to March, 1919 (Table 1), increased from 48.9 
to 53.9 cents, an advance of 10%. For the period 1914 
to 1919 this indicates a total increase in hourly earnings 
of 85%. 

Increases in average hourly earnings for the different 
occupational groups during the last six months of the 
period ranged from 1% to 18%. The most noteworthy 
advances took place in the case of pieceworkers in sole 

61 



leather cutting (Table 4) and finishing (Table 14), the 
increases being 18% in both instances. Actual earnings 
advanced from 46.9 in 1918 to 55.2 cents in 1919 for the 
former and from 54 to 63.8 cents for the latter. For 
the entire 4J^-year period, in the case of sole leather 
cutters the increase amounted to 104%. In all other 
groups of male workers percentage increases in hourly 
earnings for the whole period studied ranged well under 
100%. 

Hourly earnings of females, irrespective of occupational 
groups, advanced from 29.8 to 30.8 cents in the period 
between September, 1918, and March, 1919 (Table 2), 
an increase of over 3%. For the period September, 
1914, to March, 1919, the increases totaled 60%. Some- 
what greater increases for the six months period were noted 
in the occupational groups, namely, 9% for upper leather 
cutting (Table 16), 4% for pieceworkers in the fitting de- 
partment (Table 17), and 17% for timeworkers in that 
department (Table 18). 

For the entire period studied, pieceworkers in the 
fitting department received an increase of 80%, time- 
workers in the same department, 50%, and timeworkers 
in the cutting department, 71%. 

Comparison of the total payroll averages for males 
and females, and of averages for occupations which have 
both men and women workers, indicates generally a con- 
siderably higher percentage of increase in hourly earnings 
of male workers. In the total payroll data (Tables 1 
and 2) for the period 1914 to 1919, males received an 
increase of 85% as compared with 60% for females. In 
the upper leather department an advance of 87% is 
indicated for male workers (Table 5), and of 71% for 
women (Table 16). In the fitting department, however, 
the relation was reversed, advances for males and females 
being 77% (Table 9) and 80% (Table 17), respectively. 
In all instances there were substantial differences in 
actual earnings. The total payroll average for males in 
1914 was 29.2 cents and for females 19.2 cents per hour. 

Data were submitted for both timeworkers and piece- 
workers in the following occupational groups : Men — 
sole leather cutting (Tables 3 and 4), upper leather 
cutting (Tables 5 and 6), lasting (Tables 7 and 8), and 
finishing (Tables 13 and 14) ; women — fitting (Tables 
17 and 18). In four out of five of these groups percentage 

62 



Increases in hourly earnings for pieceworkers were sub- 
stantially greater than for timeworkers. Thus for females 
on piecework in the fitting department the increase was 
80%, while for timeworkers it was only 50%; for male 
pieceworkers in the sole leather department the increase 
was 104% against only 69% for timeworkers; for male 
pieceworkers in the lasting department it was 94% 
against 65% for timeworkers, and for male finishers 
93% and 77% respectively. In upper leather cutting 
an exception to the rule was found, timeworkers receiving 
an increase of 87% for the 4J^-year period as compared 
with 78% for pieceworkers. 

It should be borne in mind that these differences in 
percentage increases of timeworkers and pieceworkers 
may not be an accurate measure of the relative effort 
made by these two groups of workers, since the tasks and 
the conditions of work while similar, may not have been 
identical. 

Weekly Earnings 

September, 1914, to September, 1918 

Wide differences in average hours worked per week 
in 1914, as compared with 1918, were few in number, 
and consequently percentage increases in weekly earnings 
in most groups did not differ materially from those in 
hourly earnings. In the total payroll averages for males, 
weekly earnings increased from $14.70 in 1914 to $24.04 
in 1918, an advance of 64% as compared with 67% in 
hourly earnings. In seven of the occupational groups 
(Tables 4, 5, 7, 9, 12, 13, 14) percentage increases in 
weekly earnings ranged under those for hourly earnings. 
The most notable differences were found in the case of 
upper leather cutting, timeworkers (Table 5), and sole 
leather cutting, pieceworkers (Table 4). In the former 
group weekly earnings increased 60% as compared with 
73% for hourly earnings, actual weekly earnings advancing 
from $15.49 in 1914 to $24.76 in 1918. In the latter group 
weekly earnings advanced from $14.01 in 1914 to $22.17 
in 1918, an increase of 58% as compared with 73% in 
hourly earnings. In six occupational groups (Tables 3, 6, 
8, 10, 11 and 15) percentage increases in weekly earnings 
were equal to or higher than the increases in hourly 
earnings. The differences were slight, however, the 
divergence in the case of upper leather cutters on piece- 

63 



work (Table 6) being the greatest. In this group weekly- 
earnings increased from $14.02 in 1914 to $27.30 in 1918, 
an increase of 95% as compared with 69% for hourly 
earnings. 



Weekly Earnings 

September, 1918, to March, 1919 

In the case of male workers for this period, two general 
tendencies are observed, namely, a substantial increase 
in hourly earnings and a reduction, somewhat less marked, 
in average hours worked per week. As a result weekly 
earnings in March, 1919, while above those for September, 
1918, did not increase in the same proportion as the hourly 
earnings. For all male workers combined (Table 1), 
weekly earnings advanced between September, 1918, 
and March, 1919, from $24.04 to $25.90, an increase of 
7/ / 2%- In nearly all occupational groups, for the six 
months period, advances were shown in weekly earnings 
ranging from 4% to 17%. The latter increase was 
indicated in the case of male finishers on piecework 
(Table 14), whose weekly earnings advanced from $25.77 
to $30.13. In two groups only was a decrease noted 
for this period in weekly earnings. These were piece- 
workers in fitting (Table 9), in which case the decline 
was slight, and pieceworkers in upper leather cutting 
(Table 6), whose earnings fell from $27.30 to $23.62, a 
decrease of 13J^%, due to a very sharp reduction in 
average hours worked. 

Advances in hourly earnings of female workers between 
1918 and 1919 were small. The average hours worked 
per week remained unchanged, however, and consequently 
percentage increases in weekly earnings coincided with 
those in hourly earnings. According to total payroll 
data, average weekly earnings rose from $14.24 to $14.69 
in this period corresponding to the slight increase in 
average hourly earnings. Average hours worked per 
week in 1919 were the same as in 1914, and as a result a 
percentage increase of 60% in weekly earnings coincided 
with the increase in hourly earnings. In the case of piece- 
workers in the fitting department, the most important 
group, weekly earnings advanced from $15.91 in 1918 to 
$16.22 in 1919, the reduction in hours worked being offset 
by an advance in hourly earnings. 

64 



Summary 

For the boot and shoe industry, as a whole, average 
hourly earnings of all male workers in the reporting estab- 
lishments, collectively, increased during the first four 
years covered by the study from 29.2 to 48.9 cents per 
hour, or by 67%. During the six months between Sep- 
tember, 1918, and March, 1919, these earnings advanced 
to 53.9 cents per hour, thus bringing the increase for the 
entire period up to 85%. For female workers in the in- 
dustry, hourly earnings increased from 19.2 cents in 1914 
to 29.8 cents in 1918, or by 55%. In March, 1919, these 
earnings averaged 30.8 cents per hour; the increase for 
the entire 4^ years was 60%. 

Increases in hourly earnings in the specified occupational 
groups of male workers for the 4J/2 years were in most 
cases somewhat lower than that indicated by the total 
payroll averages. The lowest increase for the period was 
64% and applied to miscellaneous unskilled labor (Table 
15) ; the highest, 104%, applied to sole leather cutters 
on piecework (Table 4). Increases for the remaining 
groups ranged for the most part between 70% and 90%. 
For the three groups of female workers specified, the 
increases for the 4^2 years were, 50%, 71% and 80%, 
respectively. 

Averages of weekly earnings of male workers in the 
industry increased during the first 4 years covered by the 
study from $14.70 to $24.04, or by 64%. Those of women 
increased during the period from $9.18 to $14.24, or 
by 55%. 

Increases in weekly earnings in the specified occupa- 
tional groups were in a majority of instances substantially 
the same as those in hourly earnings up to September, 
1918. 

For the period between September, 1918, and March, 
1919, weekly earnings, both according to total payroll 
averages and to those applying to the separate groups, 
showed further increases, but these were in most cases less 
marked than the increases in hourly earnings. 

Charts 

Chart 15 is based on total payroll figures for all male 
and female workers collectively and shows the relative 
rates of increase in the earnings of the two groups. It 

65 



will be observed that the earnings of women increased 
less than those of men. 

Chart 16 shows by bar diagrams comparisons of average 
hourly earnings of male and female workers for each 
period. 

Chart 17 is similar to Chart 16 except that the compari- 
sons are of weekly earnings. 

Chart 18 contains index number curves for the more 
important groups of male workers. In four of the six 
groups represented, earnings increased at practically the 
same rate up to September, 1918. 



66 



BOOT AND SHOE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY! SUMMARIES OF 
PAYROLL AVERAGES FOR ALL MALE AND FEMALE WORKERS 
AND FOR SPECIFIED OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS, SEPTEMBER, 



I9I4, MARCH, 1919 

TABLE 1 



(National Industrial Conference Board) 
Total Payroll Data: Males — 14 Establishments 



One 

week 
in: 


Total 
number 
workers 


Average 

number hrs. 

per week 


Actual < 


earnings 


Index numbers 


Av. hourly 


Av. weekly 


Hourly 
earnings 


Weekly 
earnings 




A 


^ 1 


c 


D 


1 E 


F 


Sept., 1914 | 


7,575 


50.3 | 


$ .292 


$14.70 


| 100 


100 


Sept., 1915 


7,259 


50.8 | 


.302 


15.33 


| 104 


104 


Sept., 1916 


8,241 


51.1 


.325 


16.60 | 


112 


113 


Sept., 1917 


7,373 


49.9 | 


.388 | 


19.36 | 


1 133 | 


132 


Sept., 1918 


7,349 


49.2 


.489 


24.04 | 


| 167 


164 


March, 1919 


7,419 


48.0 | 


.539 


25.90 


| 185 


176 


TABL 


E 2. Total Payroll Ds 


ita: Females — 14 Establishments 


Sept., 1914 


3,841 


47.9 | 


.192 


9.18 | 


| 100 


100 


Sept., 1915 


3,605 


49.3 | 


.193 


9.53 | 


| 101 


104 


Sept., 1916 


4,191 


50.5 | 


| .207 


10.45 


1 108 


114 


Sept., 1917 


4,308 


47.0 | 


.243 


11.42 | 


| 127 


125 


Sept., 1918 


4,305 


47.7 


.298 


14.24 | 


| 155 


155 


March, 1919 


4,667 


47.7 


.308 


14.69 | 


| 160 


160 


TABLE 3. 


Sole Leather Gutti 


ng — Timeworkers : ] 


Males — 9 


Estab. 


Sept., 1914 


458 


48.4 


.254 


12.31 | 


1 100 | 


100 


Sept., 1915 1 


451 


49.4 


.248 


12.28 | 


98 


100 


Sept., 1916 


486 


52.0 | 


.252 | 


13.10 || 99 


106 


Sept., 1917 


400 


48.5 | 


| .303 


14.69 


| 119 


118 


Sept., 1918 


432 


49.6 | 


.405 | 


20.12 | 


1 160 | 


162 


March, 1919 


372 


49.1 


.428 


21.04 | 


| . 169 | 


171 


TABLE 4. 


Sole Leather Gutti 


ng — -Pieceworkers: Males — 9 


Estab. 


Sept., 1914 


129 


51.7 


.271 | 


14.01 | 


1 100 | 


100 


Sept., 1915 


125 


51.9 1 


.290 


15.05 | 


| 107 


107 


Sept., 1916 


156 


53.6 | 


.323 | 


17.35 | 


1 119 1 


124 


Sept., 1917 | 


110 


48.4 | 


.351 | 


16.98 | 


1 130 | 


121 


Sept., 1918 1 


113 


47.3 | 


.469 | 


22.17 | 


1 173 | 


158 


March, 1919 


97 


46.3 | 


.552 | 


25.51 | 


| 204 | 


182 


TABLE 5. 


Upper Leather Gutti 


ng — Timeworkers : 


Males — 


11 Estab. 


Sept., 1914 | 


741 


53.6 | 


.289 | 


15.49 | 


100 | 


100 


Sept., 1915 


758 


50.8 | 


.302 | 


14.34 | 


1 105 | 


99 


Sept., 1916 


826 


50.6 | 


.319 | 


16.12 | 


1 no I 


104 


Sept., 1917 | 


736 


49.3 | 


.391 | 


19.25 | 


1 135 | 


124 


Sept., 1918| 


682 


49.6 | 


.499 | 


24.76 | 


173 | 


160 


March, 1919 | 


538 


49.1 | 


.539 | 


26.45 | 


1 187 | 


171 


TABLE 6. 


Upper Leather Gutt 


ing — Pieceworkers : 


Males — 


8 Estab. 


Sept., 1914| 


527 


42.3 | 


.331 | 


14.02 | 


1 100 | 


100 


Sept., 1915 


450 


50.8 | 


.298 | 


15.13 | 


90 | 


108 


Sept., 1916| 


565 


47.2 | 


.411 | 


16.65 | 


1 124 | 


119 


Sept., 1917 


447 


49.5 | 


.394 | 


19.51 | 


1 119 1 


139 


Sept., 1918 


535 


48.9 | 


.559 | 


27.30 | 


1 169 | 


195 


March, 1919 


555. 


40.0 | 


.591 | 


23.62 | 


1 178 | 


169 



67 



BOOT AND SHOE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY (continued) I 

SUMMARIES OF PAYROLL AVERAGES FOR ALL MALE AND 
FEMALE WORKERS AND FOR SPECIFIED OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS, 

SEPTEMBER, I9I4, MARCH, I9I9 

(National Industrial Conference Board) 
TABLE 7. Lasting — Timeworkers: Males — 9 Establishments 



One 


Total 
number 
workers 


Average 

number hrs. 

per week 


Actual earnings 


Index numbers 


week 
in: 


Av. hourly 


Av. weekly 


Hourly 
earnings 


Weekly 
earnings 




A 


B 


C D 


E F 


Sept., 1914 


325 


52.6 


% .226 | $11.90 


100 | 100 


Sept., 1915 


266 


49.2 


.253 | 12.61 


112 | 106 


Sept., 1916 


294 


50.5 


.251 12.69 


111 | 107 


Sept., 1917 


339 


48.5 


.290 14.05 


128 | 118 


Sept., 1918 


273 


49.8 


.368 | 18.30 


163 | 154 


March, 1919 


264 


51.1 


.373 | 19.07 


165 | 160 



TABLE 


8. Lasting - 


— Pieceworkers : 


Males — 11 Establishments 


Sept., 1914| 


1,055 | 


49.1 


|| 


.315 


| 15.44 


II 


100 | 


100 


Sept., 1915| 


1,000 1 


49.5 


|| 


.320 


| 15.82 


II 


102 


103 


Sept., 1916 | 


1,133 | 


51.0 


II 


.339 


| 17.28 


II 


108 


112 


Sept., 1917 | 


1,007 | 


48.2 


II 


.429 


| 20.70 


|| 


136 


134 


Sept., 1918| 


936 | 


48.9 


II 


.562 


| 27.50 


II 


178 


178 


March, 1919 | 


1,075 | 


47.2 


II 


.612 


| 28.90 


II 


194 


187 


TABLE 


9. Fitting 


— Pieceworkers : 


Males — 8 Establishments 


Sept., 1914| 


211 | 


49.0 


II 


.274 


| 13.44 


|| 


100 


100 


Sept., 1915 | 


210 | 


49.0 


II 


.286 


| 13.99 


II 


104 


104 


Sept., 1916| 


220 | 


49.5 


II 


.301 


| 14.87 


II 


110 


111 


Sept., 1917| 


253 | 


47.5 


II 


.317 


| 15.05 


II 


116 


112 


Sept., 1918| 


163 | 


48.9 


|| 


.482 


| 23.58 


II 


176 


175 


March, 1919 | 


156 | 


47.6 


|| 


.486 


23.17 


II 


177 


172 



TABLE 10. Making — Pieceworkers: Males — 8 Establishments 



Sept., 1914| 419 
Sept., 1915| 367 



47.6 



.324 



15.44 



100 



100 



51.5 



.354 



18.21 



109 



118 



Sept., 1916 



432 



52.0 



.387 



20.11 119 130 



Sept., 1917| 



366 



52.3 



.405 



21.15 



125 



137 



Sept., 1918| 404 



50.1 



.555 



27.81 



171 



180 



March, 1919 



395 



50.9 



.586 



29.83 



181 



193 



TABLE 11. Stitching — Pieceworkers: Males — 5 Establishments 



Sept., 1914| 



67 



48.9 



.365 



17.84 



100 



100 



Sept., 1915 



77 



48.5 



.403 



19.51 



110 



109 



Sept., 1916| 



90 



54.3 



.448 



24.32 



123 



136 



Sept., 1917 



87 



51.2 



.625 



32.00 



172 



179 



Sept., 1918| 



91 



49.7 



.628 



31.20 



172 



175 



March, 1919 



84 



47.4 



.687 



32.58 



189 



183 



TABLE 12. Bottoming — Pieceworkers: Males — 7 Establishments 



Sept., 1914 



828 



51.9 



.340 



17.66 



100 



100 



Sept., 1915 



821 



52.8 



.364 



19.23 



107 



109 



Sept., 1916 



939 



51.8 



.385 



19.93 



113 



113 



Sept., 1917 



895 



50.8 



.437 



22.20 || 129 



126 



Sept., 1918 



940 



49.7 



.570 



28.37 || 168 161 



March, 1919 



836 



48.0 



.626 



30.04 || 184 j 170 



68 



BOOT AND SHOE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY (continued) I 

SUMMARIES OF PAYROLL AVERAGES FOR ALL MALE AND 
FEMALE WORKERS AND FOR SPECIFIED OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS, 

SEPTEMBER, I914, MARCH, I919 

(National Industrial Conference Board) 
TABLE 13. Finishing — Timeworkers: Males — 8 Establishments 



One 


Total 
number 
workers 


Average 

number hrs. 

per week 


Actual 


earnings 


Index numbers 


week 
in: 


Av. hourly 


Av. weekly 


Hourly 
earnings 


Weekly 
earnings 




A 


B 


c 


D 


E 


F 


Sept., 1914 


152 


49.7 


$ .217 


$10.79 


100 


100 


Sept., 1915 


162 


50.8 


.218 


11.08 


101 


103 


Sept., 1916 


162 


51.4 


| .239 


12.26 


110 


114 


Sept., 1917 


124 


49.6 


| .296 


14.65 


136 


136 


Sept., 1918 


128 


48.8 


| .357 


17.44 


165 


162 


March, 1919 


120 


48.2 


| .383 


18.46 


177 


171 


TABLE 1 


4. Finishi 


ng — Pieceworkers : 


Males — 12 Establishments 


Sept., 1914 


548 


48.8 


| .330 


16.13 | 


| 100 


100 


Sept., 1915 


537 


• 50.2 


.370 


18.59 


112 


115 


Sept., 1916 


591 


51.7 


| .400 


20.68 


121 


128 


Sept., 1917 


525 


48.7 


| .421 


20.50 | 


| 128 


127 


Sept., 1918 


498 


47.7 


| .540 


25.77 | 


| 164 


160 


March, 1919 


544 


47.2 


| .638 


30.13 | 


| 193 


187 


TABLE 15. 


Miscel. U 


nskilled W< 


>rkers — Timeworkers 


: Males - 


-8 Estab. 


Sept., 1914 


175 


50.6 | 


1 -215 


10.91 | 


| 100 


100 


Sept., 1915 


167 


51.0 | 


.225 


11.45 | 


| 105 


105 


Sept., 1916 


172 


53.5 | 


.230 


12.27 | 


| 107 


113 


Sept., 1917 


175 


50.6 | 


| .253 


12.78 | 


| 118 


117 


Sept., 1918 


175 


50.9 | 


| .317 


16.12 | 


148 


148 


March, 1919 


154 


49.1 


| .352 


17.30 | 


| 164 


158 


TABLE 16. 


Upper I 


,eather Cut 


:ting — Timeworkers : 


Females - 


-7 Estab. 


Sept., 1914 


97 


48.9 | 


| .173 


8.48 | 


| 100 


100 


Sept., 1915 


80 


50.4 


| .172 


8.67 


99 


102 


Sept., 1916 


100 


52.2 | 


| .180 


9.41 | 


| 104 


111 


Sept., 1917 


108 


41.8 


| .249 


10.39 | 


144 


123 


Sept., 1918 


157 


49.5 


.271 


13.41 


157 


158 


March, 1919 


163 


47.4 | 


| .296 


14.01 | 


171 


165 


TABLE 1 


7. Fitting 


— Piecewc 


rkers : Females — 12 


Establishments 


Sept., 1914 


1,911 


46.6 | 


| .195 


9.08 | 


100 


100 


Sept., 1915 


1,776 


48.9 


| .199 


9.74 | 


102 


107 


Sept., 1916 


2,105 


50.7 


.217 


10.99 | 


1 HI 


121 


Sept., 1917 


2,179 


47.7 | 


| .271 


12.92 | 


139 


142 


Sept., 1918 


1,939 


47.3 | 


| .336 


15.91 | 


172 


175 


March, 1919 


2,012 


46.3 | 


| .350 


16.22 | 


180 


179 


TABLE 1 


8. Fitting 


— Timew< 


>rkers: Females — 10 


Establishments 


Sept., 1914| 


397 


49.5 | 


1 -181 I 


8.95 | 


100 | 


100 


Sept., 1915| 


328 | 


50.6 | 


.174 


8.80 | 


96 | 


98 


Sept., 1916 


356 


50.0 | 


| .188 


9.40 | 


104 | 


105 


Sept., 1917 


433 


47.5 | 


| .213 


10.10 | 


118 


113 


Sept., 1918 


488 


47.9 | 


| .233 


11.19 | 


129 


125 


March, 1919 


506 


48.2 | 


| .272 


13.12 | 


150 | 


147 



69 






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September 191 
'arch 19/9 


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73 



VII 

PAPER MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY 

Wage data applying to male workers in the paper 
manufacturing industry were secured for the entire 
period covered by the investigation from 32 identical 
establishments, most of which are located in the North 
Atlantic States. These mills employed in the aggregate 
8,505 men in the 1914 period, 9,830 in 1918, and 9,579 in 
March, 1919. Similar data for female workers were 
received for the six payroll periods from 15 identical 
mills, also largely distributed over North Atlantic States, 
and employing in the 1914, 1918 and 1919 periods 779, 
941, and 986 women, respectively. The addition of 
supplemental data from three other important establish- 
ments increased the number of males to 12,730 in 1918 
and to 12,120 in 1919, and the number of females to 2,326 
in 1918 and to 1,568 in 1919. 

The establishments included represented various 
branches of the industry, but no significant differences 
either in absolute average earnings or in percentage in- 
creases were noted as between major groups of mills. 
Thus, for example, the averages for news print mills were 
substantially the same as for book paper, writing paper,, 
and specialty mills. 

Hourly Earnings 
September, 1914, to September, 1918 

Table 1, based on averages for all male workers in the 
reporting mills, irrespective of occupation, shows that 
hourly earnings advanced from 23.9 cents in 1914 to 
44.8 cents in 1918, the increase, as indicated by the 
index number, being 88%. 

Table 2 contains similar combined data for female 
workers in 15 identical establishments, hourly earnings 
in this case advancing from 17.7 cents in 1914 to 29.4 
cents in 1918 — an increase of 66%. This is considerably 
smaller than the increase for men, but since the basis of 
experience presented in the statistics for women workers 
is narrower than that for men, it may be that they do< 

74 



not accurately reflect the wage conditions for women 
workers in this industry. The absolute earnings of 
women, however, compared favorably with those for 
women in the metal and wool manufacturing industries, 
being somewhat higher in 1914 and only a little lower 
in 1918. 

Data for certain occupational groups of male workers,, 
in most instances, show higher percentage increases than 
those indicated by the total payroll figures. Hourly 
earnings of miscellaneous male labor (Table 8), for ex- 
ample, increased 130% during the period and those for 
rag- room workers (Table 3), beatermen (Table 4), and 
calender hands (Table 6) increased 90% or more. Earn- 
ings of finishers and cuttermen (Table 7) and of machine 
tenders (Table 5) increased 79% and 72%, respectively. 
In the case of machine tenders, however, absolute earn- 
ings in 1914 and 1918 were higher than those in any 
other group. 

The index numbers of hourly earnings of female workers 
in the three occupations for which sufficient data were 
secured to permit of analysis, namely, rag-room workers, 
both timeworkers and pieceworkers, and finishers and 
cutters (Tables 9,. 10 and 11), show increases of 109%, 
124% and 91%, respectively. Average absolute hourly 
earnings in all of these groups were, however, lower 
both in 1914 and in 1919 than the general averages 
applying to female workers collectively (Table 2). 

Hourly Earnings 

September, 1918, to March, 1919 

No noticeable change in hourly earnings of either 
male or female workers was observed for the March, 1919, 
total payroll averages as compared with those of Septem- 
ber, 1918. For male workers (Table 1) average hourly 
earnings in March were 45 cents and in September, 1918, 
44.8 cents per hour. For women (Table 2) the averages 
were 29.7 and 29.4 cents per hour, respectively. 

A similar relation between the averages of March, 
1919, and September, 1918, existed in most of the occupa- 
tional groups. In the case of miscellaneous male labor 
(Table 8), however, hourly earnings in March were \2 x /f7o 
lower than in September and for female workers on 
piece rates in the rag-room (Table 10) the decrease was 
nearly 20%. 

75 



Weekly Earnings 

September, 1914, to September, 1918 

While, according to the total payroll figures (Table 1), 
average hourly earnings of men increased 88% during 
the war period, the corresponding increase in weekly 
earnings was only 76%. This is due to a reduction 
in average hours worked in the 1918 period to 50 per 
week against 53.3 in 1914. Weekly earnings of female 
workers on the other hand increased more sharply than 
hourly earnings — 87% against 66%. In this case the 
average hours worked per week rose from 42.3 in 1914 to 
47.5 in 1918. 

Comparisons of increases in weekly earnings of the 
•different occupational groups show them to be proportion- 
ately smaller in every case than those in hourly earnings. 
Again the disparity is due to a reduction in actual hours 
worked in the 1918 period compared with 1914. The 
fact that a considerable proportion of the mills furnishing 
•data changed in 1916 from the two to the three tour 
system in the manufacturing departments, or reduced 
the weekly schedule of work-hours, offers one explanation 
for the divergence. Weekly earnings of women in the 
different occupations, except timeworkers in the rag- 
room (Table 9), also showed relatively lower percentage 
increases for the period than those applying to hourly 
earnings. 

Weekly Earnings 

September, 1918, to March, 1919 

Total payroll figures of weekly earnings of male workers 
{Table 1) show the same averages for March, 1919, as 
for September, 1918, viz., $22.40. For the specific 
occupational groups tabulated, however, the index num- 
bers for March show a decided decrease in almost every 
instance from the 1918 averages. In the case of female 
workers the index numbers for both the total payroll 
averages and the occupational groups (Tables 2, 9, 10 
and 11) are consistently lower for March, 1919, than for 
the preceding September. 

Important reductions in average hours worked per 
week account for this general falling off in weekly earnings, 
as it will be noticed that in some groups hourly earnings 
were unchanged, while in others they were higher (Tables 
2, 4, 6, 7 and 11). 

76 



Charts 

Chart 19, constructed from index numbers of hourly 
and weekly earnings in Tables 1 and 2, shows the relative 
rates of increase in earnings of male and female workers. 

The bar diagrams in Chart 20 represent average absolute 
hourly earnings of both male and female workers. Chart 
21 is similarly constructed from weekly earnings data. 



77 



PAPER MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY: SUMMARIES OF PAYROLL 
AVERAGES FOR ALL MALE AND FEMALE WORKERS AND FOR 

SPECIFIED OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS, SEPTEMBER, I914, 

MARCH, 1 91 9 

(National Industrial Conference Board) 
TABLE 1. Total Payroll Data: Males — 32 Establishments 



One 


Total 
number 
workers 


Average 

number hrs. 

per week 


Actual 


earnings 


Index numbers 


week 
in: 


Av. hourly 


Av. weekly 


Hourly 
earnings 


Weekly 
earnings 


1 


B 


c 


D 


E 


F 


Sept., 1914 


8,505 


53.3 


$ .239 


$12.73 


100 


100 


Sept., 1915 


8,976 


52.5 


.243 


12.75 


102 


100 


Sept., 1916 


9,602 


51 | 


.295 | 


15.03 | 


124 


118 


Sept., 1917 


9,520 


51 


.374 | 


19.03 | 


157 


150 


Sept., 1918 


9,830 


50 | 


.448 


22.40 


188 


176 


March, 1919 


9,579 


49.8 


.450 


22.40 | 


189 


176 



TABLE 2. Total Payroll Data: Females — 15 Establishments 



Sept., 1914| 779 



42.3 



.177 



7.47 



100 



100 



Sept., 1915| 



856 



44.3 



.178 



7.85 



100 



105 



Sept., 1916 



968 



46.3 



.191 



.80 



108 



118 



Sept., 1917 



45.3 



.230 



10.43 



130 



140 



Sept., 1918 



941 



47.5 



.294 



13.95 



166 



187 



March, 1919 



986 



41.3 



.297 



12.24 



168 



164 



TABLE 3. Rag-Room — Timeworkers: Males — 11 Establishments 



Sept., 1914 



138 



55.3 



.206 



11.40 



100 



100 



Sept., 1915 



163 



52.5 



.208 



10.91 || 101 



96 



Sept., 1916 



154 



52.5 



.259 



13.61 



126 



120 



Sept., 1917 



157 



46.8 



.332 



15.47 



161 



136 



Sept., 1918 



159 



51.5 



.405 



20.80 196 



183 



March, 1919 



158 



47.5 



.392 



18.68 



190 



164 



TABLE 4. Beatermen — Timeworkers: Males — 32 Establishments 



Sept., 1914 



663 



52.8 



.232 



12.29 



100 



100 



Sept., 1915 



749 



51.5 



.235 



12.13 



101 



99 



Sept., 1916| 



788 



49 



.295 



14.43 || 127 



118 



Sept., 1917 



793 



48 



.350 



16.82 



151 



137 



Sept., 1918 



804 



49.5 



.440 



21.72 



190 



177 



March, 1919 



732 



46 



.440 



20.20 190 I 165 



TABLE 5. Machine Tenders — Timeworkers: Males — 32 Establishments 



Sept., 1914| 1,304 50.5 



.309 



15.62 



100 



100 



Sept., 1915| 1,324 



50 



.313 



15.67 



101 



100 



Sept., 1916| 1,442 



48.3 



.376 



18.15 



122 



116 



Sept., 1917| 1,396 48.8 



.448 



21.86 



145 



140 



Sept., 1918| 1,393 



48.5 



.530 



25.79 



172 



165 



March, 1919 | 1,361 



47.3 



.520 



24.60 



168 



157 



TABLE 6. Calender Hands — Timeworkers: Males — 12 Establishments 



Sept., 1914| 



97 



57.3 



.204 11.65 || 100 I 100 



Sept., 1915 



104 



58.8 



.272 



15.91 



133 



137 



Sept., 1916 



114 



45 



.319 



14.33 



157 



123 



Sept., 1917 I 121 



46 



.306 



14.06 



150 



121 



Sept., 1918| 130 I 50.3 



.403 i 20.25 || 198 | 174 



March, 1919 



128 



43 



.414 17.76 || 203 | 153 



78 



PAPER MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY {continued) \ SUMMARIES 

OF PAYROLL AVERAGES FOR ALL MALE AND FEMALE WORKERS 
AND FOR SPECIFIED OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS, SEPTEMBER, 
I9I4, MARCH, I919 

(National Industrial Conference Board) 

TABLE 7. Finishers and Guttermen — Timeworkers: Males — 29 Estab. 



One 


Total 
number 
workers 


Average 

number hrs. 

per week 


Actual earnings 


Index numbers 


week 
in: 


Av. hourly 


Av. weekly 


Hourly 
earnings 


Weekly 
earnings 




A 


B 


C 1 D 


E F 


Sept., 1914| 423 


55.5 


$ .227 | $12.65 | 


100 | 100 


Sept., 1915 | 451 


55 


.216 | 11.90 


95 | 94 


Sept., 1916 | 526 


53.3 


.271 | 14.40 


119 | 114 


Sept., 1917| 471 


52.8 


.330 | 17.40 | 


145 | 137 


Sept., 1918 | 496 


53.3 


.407 | 21.65 | 


179 | 171 


March, 1919 | 464 


50.8 


.420 | 21.28 | 


185 | 168 



TABLE 8. Miscellaneous Labor — Timeworkers : Males — 16 Establishments 



Sept., 1914| 



640 



54.3 



.202 



10.94 



100 



100 



Sept., 1915 



773 



55.5 



.204 



11.39 



101 



104 



Sept., 1916 



775 



52.3 



.253 



13.21 



125 



121 



Sept., 1917 



792 



52.3 



.315 



16.43 



156 



150 



Sept., 1918| 



838 



51.3 



.465 



23.88 



230 



218 



March, 1919 



826 



50.5 



.406 



20.45 



201 



187 



TABLE 9. Rag-Room — Timeworkers: Females — 10 Establishments 



Sept., 1914 


161 


48.5 


| .131 


6.35 | 


100 | 


100 


Sept., 1915 


137 


40 


| .141 


5.65 | 


108 


89 


Sept., 1916 


166 


49.3 ! 


| .194 


9.55 | 


| 148 


150 


Sept., 1917 


166 


46.8 | 


| .195 


9.13 | 


| 149 


144 


Sept., 1918 


153 


49 


| .2/4 


13.40 | 


| 209 


211 


March, 1919 


170 


42 


| .270 


11.38 | 


| 206 


179 



TABLE 10. 


Rag-Room — Pieceworkers: 


Females — 


5 Establishments 


Sept., 1914 


98 


48.8 


| .142 


6.93 | 


| 100 


100 


Sept., 1915 


132 


45.5 ! 


| .158 


7.31 | 


1 HI 


105 


Sept., 1916 


129 


47 | 


| .189 


8.88 | 


| 133 


128 


Sept., 1917 


121 


43.5 


| .244 


10.62 | 


| 172 


153 


Sept., 1918 


116 


44.8 


| .318 


14.22 | 


| 224 


205 


March, 1919 


127 


37.3 


| .257 


9.57 | 


| 181 


138 



TABLE 11. Finishers and Guttermen — Timeworkers: Females — 9 Estab. 



Sept., 1914 | 


186 | 


51.5 | 


.142 


7.29 


| 100 


100 


Sept., 1915 | 


175 | 


58.3 | 


.154 


8.98 


| 109 


123 


Sept., 1916 | 


194 


48.8 [ 


.176 


8.57 


| 124 


118 


Sept., 1917 | 


194 | 


46.5 ! 


.223 


10.38 


| 157 


142 


Sept., 1918 | 


215 


49 


.271 


13.31 


| 191 


183 


March, 1919 | 


203 


38.5 i 


.276 


10.65 


| 195 


146 



79 



ADDITIONAL DATA 

In addition to the data received from 32 identical 
establishments for the entire 4^-year period, the statisti- 
cal basis for the periods 1918 and 1919 is enlarged through 
the receipt of figures from three other establishments 
which were unable to supply data for the whole period. 
A comparison of wages in September, 1918, and March,, 
1919, including these additional data, is made in Tables 
12 to 22. 

The incorporation of these additional data with those 
from the 32 establishments submitting complete reports.' 
produced only slight changes in averages of earnings 
and of hours worked in the two periods. 



80 



SUMMARIES OF PAYROLL AVERAGES FOR ALL MALE AND FEMALE 
WORKERS AND FOR SPECIFIED OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS, 
SEPTEMBER, I918, MARCH, I9I9 

(National Industrial Conference Board) 

TABLE 12. Total Payroll Data: Males — 35 Establishments 



One 


Total 
number 
workers 


Average 
number hrs. 
■ per week 


Actual earnings 


Index numbers 


week 
in: 


Av. hourly 


Av. weekly 


Hourly 
earnings 


Weekly 
earnings 




A 


B 


c 1 


E | F 


Sept., 1918 


12,730 


55.8 


$ .446 | $24.84 | 


100 100 


March, 1919 | 12,120 


48.5 


.453 | 21.96 | 


102 88 



TABLE 13. Total Payroll Data: Females — 18 Establishments 



Sept., 1918 I 2,326 



49 



.296 



14.48 



100 



100 



March, 1919 | 1,568 



38 



.302 



11.49 



102 



79 



TABLE 14. Rag-Room — Timeworkers: Males — 12 Establishments 



Sept., 1918 



234 



50.8 



.400 



20.67 



100 



100 



March, 1919 



233 



44.5 



.403 



I 17.92 || 101 



87 



TABLE 15. Beatermen — Timeworkers: Males — -34 Establishments 



Sept., 1918 J 1,167 



49 



.436 



21.37 



100 



100 



March, 1919 I 1,044 



43.5 



.446 I 19.43 || 102 



91 



TABLE 16. Finishers and Gut termen — Timeworkers: Males — 31 Estab. 



Sept., 1918 



617 



53 



.403 



21.41 



100 



100 



March, 1919 



548 



48.8 



.417 I 20.32 || 103 



95 



TABLE 17. Machine Tenders — Timeworkers: Males — 34 Establishments 



Sept., 1918 I 1,580 



48.8 



.542 



26.41 



100 



100 



March, 1919 | 1,686 



45.8 



.521 



23.84 || 



96 



90 



TABLE 18. Miscellaneous Labor — Timeworkers: Males — 17 Estab. 



Sept., 1918 I 1,698 



50.8 



.428 



21.66 



100 



100 



March, 1919 | 1,767 



47 



.445 



20.91 



104 



97 



TABLE 19. Calender Hands — Timeworkers : Males — 13 Establishments 



Sept., 1918 



195 



50.1 



.406 I 20.32 || 100 



100 



March, 1919 



225 



40.9 



.429 



17.51 



106 



86 



TABLE 20. Rag-Room — Timeworkers: Females — 11 Establishments 



Sept., 1918 



367 



49.5 



.277 



13.72 



100 



100 



March, 1919 



379 



36.5 



.280 



10.25 



101 



75 



TABLE 21. Rag-Room — Pieceworkers: Females — 5 Establishments 



Sept., 1918 



116 



44.8 



.318 I 14.22 || 



100 



100 



March, 1919 



127 



37.2 



.257 



9.57 



81 



67 



TABLE 22. Finishers, Cuttermen — Timeworkers: Females — 10 Estab. 



Sept., 1918 



233 



.8 l| .264 



12.89 100 



100 



March, 1919 



211 



38.5 



.272 



10.48 || 103 



81 



81 



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EEKLY EARNINGS 
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ROLL AVERAGES 

ept ember 1914-1916 
March 1919 

-MALES 
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4FERENCE BOARD 
















MANUFACTL 

fERAGE ABSOLUTE W 

OF MALE AND FEM> 

IASED ON TOTAL PAYI 

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WEEKLY EARNINGS 


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84 



VIII 

RUBBER MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY 

Wage data applying to the rubber industry for the 
period September, 1914, to March, 1919, were obtained 
from eight identical establishments, located in the States 
of Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, 
Delaware and Ohio, and employing 9,612 male workers 
in 1914, 16,722 in 1918, and 21,918 in 1919. Six of 
these establishments furnished data for the female 
workers employed, numbering 1,819 in 1914, 3,501 in 

1918, and 3,431 in 1919. 

For males (Table 1) the statistics show an increase of 
74% in the number employed in 1918, and of 128% in 

1919, compared with 1914 totals. The number of females 
employed in 1918 and 1919 was 93% and 89% greater, 
respectively, than in 1914. 

Data for the years 1918 and 1919 only were received 
from three additional establishments located one each in 
Connecticut, Massachusetts and Ohio. These figures 
were added to those of the eight establishments reporting 
for the entire period, thus increasing the total number 
of employees for 1918 to 17,559 men and 3,879 women. 
In March, 1919, the number of men had still further 
increased to 22,674, while the number of women had 
decreased to 3,796. 

Hourly Earnings 
September, 1914, to September, 1918 

Average hourly earnings of male workers in eight 
identical establishments, based on total payroll data 
(Table 1), increased 100% between September, 1914, and 
September, 1918. These averages were 28.8 cents per 
hour in 1914 and 57.5 cents in 1918. Total payroll figures 
for female workers in six establishments (Table 2) show 
an increase of only 42% during the period, the average 
hourly earnings being 17.4 cents in 1914 and 24.7 cents 
in 1918. 

Earnings data in sufficient quantity to warrant tabula- 
tion by occupation were received for only three groups. 
Tables 3, 4 and 5 contain averages for male workers in 
calendering, making (footwear), and miscellaneous un- 

85 



skilled labor, the total number of workers in .these groups 
representing less than 12% of the number covered by 
the total payroll figures. For calender hands the in- 
crease during the period was 67%, against 89% for each 
of the other two groups. The hourly averages in 1914 
were 22.5 cents for calender hands, 19.1 cents for makers, 
and 20.5 cents for miscellaneous unskilled labor. In 
1918 these averages were 37J^2 cents, 36.1 cents, and 38.8 
cents per hour, respectively. 

Hourly Earnings 
September, 1918, to March, 1919 

Hourly earnings of both male and female workers 
(Tables 1 and 2) showed substantial increases in 1919 
over the 1918 averages. For men the increase was about 
63^%, while the earnings of women increased 18% during 
the period. Actual earnings of males, based on total 
payroll data, advanced from 57.5 cents to 61.2 cents per 
hour, those of females from 24.7 cents to 29.2 cents per 
hour. Earnings of male workers in the three groups 
tabulated in Tables 3, 4 and 5 increased 9%, 10% and 
5/ / 2%? respectively. 

Weekly Earnings 
September, 1914, to September, 1918 

The average number of hours worked per week by the 
male workers as a group (Table 1) remained fairly con- 
stant for the period 1914 to 1918, and as a result the 
percentage increases in weekly earnings very nearly 
coincide with those in hourly earnings. The weekly 
averages advanced from $14.00 in 1914 to $28.60 in 
1918, an increase of 104%. Average hours worked per 
week were 48.8 in 1914 and 49.6 in 1918. Considerable 
variations in average hours worked, accompanied by 
corresponding differences in percentage increases in 
hourly and weekly earnings, were noted in the figures 
for the three occupations tabulated. Calender hands 
(Table 3), for example, averaged 49 hours in 1914 and 
66 hours in 1918, and increases in hourly and weekly 
earnings were 67% and 125%, respectively. In the 
making department (Table 4) average hours were more 
nearly constant in the two periods, — 54.8 in 1914 and 
53.6 in 1918, — and the increases in hourly and weekly 
earnings correspondingly similar, 89% and 85%, respec- 
tively. Miscellaneous unskilled labor (Table 5) averaged 

86 



58.2 hours in 1914 and 60.2 hours in 1918, and the in- 
crease was proportionately higher for weekly than for 
hourly earnings. 

Weekly earnings of female workers, based on total pay- 
roll data, increased from $9.25 in 1914 to $12.94 in 1918, 
an advance of 40% as compared with 42% in hourly 
earnings. Average hours in 1918 were only slightly less 
than those of 1914. 

Weekly Earnings 
September, 1918, to March, 1919 

Average weekly earnings of all male workers combined, 
in eight establishments (Table 1), were $29.35 in March, 
1919, against $28.60 in September, 1918, an increase of 
2/ / 2% for this period and of 110% for the 43^ years 
covered by the investigation. In calendering (Table 3), 
weekly earnings in March, 1919, were $23.50 against 
$24.80 in September, 1918; this represents an increase 
for the 4^ years of 114%. For workers in making 
(Table 4) and on miscellaneous unskilled work (Table 
5) weekly earnings for the 1919 period showed additional 
increases in comparison with 1918 averages, the increases 
for the 4}/2 years for the two groups being 112% and 
101%, respectively. 

Weekly earnings of women, on account of larger hourly 
earnings, advanced from $12.94 in 1918 to $14.90 in 
1919, representing an increase of 15% for that period 
and of 61% for the 4^ years covered by the study. The 
latter gain is slightly smaller than the increase in hourly 
earnings for the period, due to the smaller number of 
hours worked in March, 1919, than in September, 1914. 

Charts 

Chart 22 shows the relative changes occurring in hourly 
and weekly earnings of male and female workers, the 
curves being constructed from index numbers of earnings 
derived from total payroll averages. The curves indicate 
clearly that the earnings of men increased considerably 
more than those of women during the period, and also 
that hourly and weekly earnings of each increased at 
nearly the same rate. 

Chart 23 is a bar diagram upon which the absolute 
hourly earnings of men and women, likewise based on 
total payroll averages, are presented. 

Chart 24 is similar to Chart 23, except that the bars 
represent average weekly earnings. 

87 



RUBBER MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY: SUMMARIES OF PAYROLL 
AVERAGES FOR ALL MALE AND FEMALE WORKERS AND FOR 

SPECIFIED OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS, SEPTEMBER, I9I4, 

MARCH, 1919 

(National Industrial Conference Board) 
TABLE 1. Total Payroll Data: Males — 8 Establishments 



One 

week 
in: 


Total 
number 
workers 


Average 

number hrs. 

per week 




Actual 


earnings 


Index 


numbers 


Av. hourly 


Av. weekly 


Hourly 
earnings 


Weekly 
earnings 




A 


B 




c 


D | 


E 


1 F 


Sept., 1914 


9,612 


48.8 


| $ 


.288 | 


$14.00 | 


100 


100 


Sept., 1915 


12,701 


48.3 




.310 | 


14.95 | 


108 


107 


Sept., 1916 


15,863 


48.7 




.382 | 


18.60 | 


133 


133 


Sept., 1917 


19,225 


48.9 




.466 | 


22.80 | 


162 


163 


Sept., 1918 


16,722 


49.6 




.575 


28.60 | 


200 


204 


March, 1919 


21,918 


48.0 




.612 


29.35 | 


212 


210 


TABL 


E 2. Tota 


1 Payroll D 


ata 


: Females — 6 Establishments 


Sept., 1914 


1,819 


53.2 


1 


.174 


9.25 | 


| 100 


| 100 


Sept., 1915 


1,992 


54.1 


1 


.189 


10.20 | 


| 109 


| 110 


Sept., 1916 


2,479 


51.6 


1 


.208 


10.76 | 


120 


| 117 


Sept., 1917 


3,397 


• 51.7 


1 


.228 


11.80 | 


| 131 


| 128 


Sept., 1918 


3,501 


52.2 


| 


.247 


12.94 | 


| 142 


| 140 


March, 1919 


3,431 


51.1 


1 


.292 


14.90 | 


168 


I 161 


TABLE 3 


Calend< 


jring — Tii 


neworkers 


Males — ' 


7 Establishments 


Sept., 1914 


| 325 


| 49.0 


1 


.225 


11.00 | 


| 100 


| 100 


Sept., 1915 


| 391 


| 55.6 


| 


.216 


12.04 | 


| 96 


109 


Sept., 1916 


| 424 


| 62.4 


1 


.242 


15.12 | 


| 108 


| 138 


Sept., 1917 


454 


| 63.0 


1 


.288 


18.12 


| 128 


| 165 


Sept., 1918 


| 421 


| 66.0 


| 


.375 


24.80 | 


| 167 


| 225 


March, 1919 


439 


| 57.5 


1 


.409 


23.50 | 


| 182 


| 214 


TABLE A 


L Makin 


g — Timev 


workers : 


Males — 6 


Establishments 


Sept., 1914 


| 373 


| 54.8 


| .191 


10.45 


| 100 


| 100 


Sept., 1915 


| 370 


\ 51.8 


| .200 


10.35 | 


| 105 


93 


Sept., 1916 


| 611 


| 52.0 


|| .227 


11.81 


| 119 


| 113 


Sept., 1917 


| 788 


1 51.6 


| .300 


15.50 


| 157 


148 


Sept., 1918 


| 767 


| 53.6 


| .361 


19.35 


| 189 


| 185 


March, 1919 


| 569 


| 55.8 


|| .398 


22.20 


| 208 


| 212 


TABLE 5. : 


Miscellane* 


jus Unskill 


edl 


^abor — 


Timeworke 


rs: Males 


—6 Estab. 


Sept., 1914 


| 362 


| 58.2 


|| .205 


11.92 


| 100 


| 100 


Sept., 1915 


| 467 


62.2 


II -216 


13.45 


| 105 


| 113 


Sept., 1916 


| 516 


| 58.0 


|| .240 


13.95 


| 117 


| 117 


Sept., 1917 


731 


| 58.8 


|| .293 


17.22 


143 


| 145 


Sept., 1918 


691 


| 60.2 


|| .388 


23.36 


| 189 


| 196 


March, 1919 


| 888 


| 58.7 


| .409 


23.98 | 


| 200 


| 201 



88 



ADDITIONAL DATA 

The addition of data from three establishments em- 
ploying a total of 837 male and 378 female workers in 
1918 and of 756 male and 365 female workers in 1919, 
as noted in the tables following, produced almost no 
effect in the averages for those years when combined 
with the figures for the eight establishments reporting 
for the entire 4^-year period. Average hourly earnings, 
based on total payroll data for males, were 56.8 cents in 
1918 for the 11 establishments against 57.5 cents for the 
eight establishments. Averages for 1919 (Tables 1 and 
6) were 60.7 cents per hour in the 11, and 61.2 cents in 
the eight establishments. Changes resulting from the 
addition of data for the three establishments in the case 
of female workers were equally unimportant. 



TABLE 6. Total Payroll Data: Males — 11 Establishments 



One 
week 

in: 


Total 
number 
workers 


Average 

number hrs. 

per week 


Actual earnings 


Index numbers 


Av. hourly 


Av. weekly 


Hourly 
earnings 


Weekly 
earnings 




A 


B 


C D 


E F 


Sept, 1918 


17,559 


50.0 


$ .568 | $28.40 


100 | 100 


March, 1919 


22,674 


48.6 


.607 | 29.51 || 107 104 



TABLE 7. Total Payroll Data : Females — 9 Establishments 



Sept, 1918 | 3,879 



52.4 



.248 



12.98 



100 



100 



March, 1919 | 3,796 



51.2 



.288 



14.79 



116 



114 



TABLE 8. Calendering — Timeworkers: Males — 10 Establishments 



Sept, 1918 



461 



65.0 



.376 



24.40 



100 



100 



March, 1919 



475 



58.0 



.409 



23.71 



109 



97 



TABLE 9. Making — Timeworkers: Males — 7 Establishments 



Sept, 1918 



932 



52.7 



.359 



18.90 



100 



100 



March, 1919 



691 



57.2 



.386 



22.10 



108 



117 



TABLE 10. Misc. Unskilled Labor— Timeworkers : Males— 8 Establishments 



Sept, 1918 



877 



58.7 



.383 



22.50 



100 



100 



March, 1919 | 1,061 



58.0 



.404 



23.42 



106 



104 



89 



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iVERAGE ABSOLUTE WEEKLY EARNINGS 

OF MALE AND FEMALE WORKERS 
BASED ON TOTAL PAYROLL AVERAGES 

refer to third week of September /9/4-19/d 
and first week of March /9/9 

WEEKLY EARNINGS- MALES 


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92 



IX 

CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY 

Wage data for the chemical manufacturing industry, 
covering the period from September, 1914, to March, 
1919, were obtained from 12 identical establishments 
located in the States of New York, New Jersey, Pennsyl- 
vania, Ohio, Illinois, Michigan and Alabama, and em- 
ploying -3,551 male workers in 1914, 6,946 in 1918, and 
5,942 in 1919. The increase in employment of male 
workers in these establishments between 1914 and 1918 
represents an addition of 95%. For the entire period, 
1914 to 1919, because of a decline of 14J^% in the num- 
ber of workers employed in 1919, the increase was only 
67%. 

Additional data applying only to 1918 and 1919 were 
received from four other establishments, located in New 
York, New Jersey and West Virginia, .employing 4,023 
and 1,591 males, respectively, in those years. The com- 
bination of these data with those received from the 12 
establishments reporting for the entire period increased 
the number of workers represented in this study to 10,969 
in 1918 and to 7,533 in 1919. 

Very few female workers were employed in the reporting 
establishments, and consequently no statistics applying 
to women workers were compiled. 

Hourly Earnings 

September, 1914, to September, 1918 

Average hourly earnings of all male workers collectively 
in 12 establishments (Table 1) advanced from 23.2 cents 
to 44.5 cents between 1914 and 1918, an increase of 92%. 

The data applying to this industry did not permit 
a division of the workers into occupational groups; the 
only distinction found practicable was that between 
skilled and unskilled workers. For skilled workers 
(Table 2) average hourly earnings increased from 30 
cents to 52.6 cents in this period, an advance of 75%. 
Unskilled workers (Table 3) showed an advance of 94%, 

93 



hourly earnings increasing from 21 cents in 1914 to 40.8 
cents in 1918. 



Hourly Earnings 
September, 1918, to March, 1919 

Hourly earnings in this period showed substantial in- 
creases above the September, 1918, averages. The average 
for the total payroll rose from 44.5 cents in September, 
1918, to 49 cents in March, 1919, an increase of 10%. 
The average of 49 cents in 1919 represents an increase 
in hourly earnings for the entire period under review of 

m%. 

For skilled workers, hourly earnings during the six 
months increased from 52.6 cents to 57.4 cents, an advance 
of 9%. The latter figure represents an increase for the 
period September, 1914, to March, 1919, of 91%. For 
unskilled workers a similar increase of 9% between 
September, 1918, and March, 1919, was also shown, 
actual earnings for this group advancing from 40.8 cents 
to 44.6 cents per hour. For the whole period, hourly 
earnings of unskilled workers increased 112%. 



Weekly Earnings 
September, 1914, to September, 1918 

The average number of hours worked per week was 
greater in September, 1918, than in September, 1914, 
and consequently the percentage increases in weekly earn- 
ings exceed for the different groups those in hourly earn- 
ings. For the total number of workers on the payrolls 
(Table 1), the average hours worked per week rose from 
55.5 to 60.1 and weekly earnings increased 109%, as com- 
pared with 92% in hourly earnings. The average hours 
per week of skilled workers were only slightly larger in 
1918, and consequently a smaller divergence was noted, 
weekly earnings increasing 77% and hourly earnings 75%. 
In the unskilled class of workers a marked increase from 
54.5 to 60.9 occurred in hours per week in this period and 
the increase in weekly earnings was also proportionately 
greater, than in hourly earnings — 117% as compared 
with 94%. 

94 



Weekly Earnings 
September, 1918, to March, 1919 

The decrease in number of workers employed in March, 
1919, as compared with September, 1918, was accom- 
panied by a sharp reduction in the average hours worked 
per week. The effect of the reduction in time worked 
upon average weekly earnings, 60.1 hours to 53.5 hours 
in case of total payroll averages (Table 1), was too great 
to be offset by even the substantial increase in average 
hourly earnings, and consequently weekly earnings of the 
total number on the payrolls decreased from $26.80 to 
$26.20, a decline of 2%. The latter figure represents 
an increase in weekly earnings for the 4^-year period of 
104% as compared with 111% in hourly earnings. 

For skilled workers the average hours worked de- 
creased between September, 1918, and March, 1919, 
from 58.2 to 52.5, and weekly earnings decreased from 
$30.60 to $30.10. Weekly earnings of unskilled workers 
decreased in the same period from $24.85 to $24.20, a 
substantial increase in hourly earnings for the period being 
offset by a sharp reduction in average hours worked. 
The percentage increases of skilled and unskilled workers 
for the 43/2-year period were 74% and 112%, respectively. 



Charts 

Chart 25 was constructed from index numbers of hourly 
and weekly earnings in Table 1, and shows graphically 
how earnings increased from year to year. 

Chart 26 is a bar diagram representing averages of 
actual hourly earnings. 

Chart 27 is also a bar diagram representing the absolute 
average weekly earnings in the different years. 



95 



CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY: SUMMARIES OF PAYROLL 
AVERAGES FOR ALL MALE WORKERS AND FOR SPECIFIED 
GROUPS, SEPTEMBER, I9I4, MARCH, I919 

(National Industrial Conference Board) 

TABLE 1. Total Payroll Data: Males — 12 Establishments 



One 


Total 
number 
workers 


Average 

number hrs. 

per week 


Actual earnings 


Index numbers 


week 
in: 


Av. hourly 


Av. weekly 


Hourly 
earnings 


Weekly 
earnings 




A 


B 


C 1 D \ 


E F 


Sept., 1914 


3,551 | 55.5 


$ .232 | $12.85 | 


100 ! 100 


Sept., 1915 


3,865 | 56.0 | 


.237 | 13.26 | 


102 | 103 


Sept., 1916 


4,724 | 55.8 | 


.289 | 16.10 | 


125 | 125 


Sept., 1917 


6,700 | 57.1 


.359 | 20.50 


155 | 160 


Sept., 1918 


6,946 | 60.1 | 


.445 26.80 j 


192 | 209 


March, 1919 


5,942 | 53.5 || .490 26.20 | 


211 | 204 


TABLE 2. 


Skilled Workers — Timeworkers : Males — 


10 Establishments 


Sept., 1914 


979 | 57.8 || .300 | 17.33 | 


100 | 100 


Sept., 1915 


1,163 | 58.2 || .290 | 16.90 | 


97 | 98 


Sept., 1916 


1,492 | 58.0 || .360 20.89 | 


120 121 


Sept., 1917 


2,186 | 54.6 || .411 | 22.40 | 


137 | 129 


Sept., 1918 


2,371 | 58.2 || .526 | 30.60 | 


175 177 


March, 1919 


1,949 | 52.5 || .574 | 30.10 | 


191 | 174 


TABLE 3 


Unskilled Workers — Timeworkers: Males — 12 Estab. 


Sept., 1914 


2,519 | 54.5 || .210 | 11.44 | 


100 | 100 


Sept., 1915 


2,653 | 54.9 || .211 | 11.59 | 


101 | 102 


Sept., 1916 


3,177 | 54.6 || .252 | 13.77 | 


120 ! 121 


Sept., 1917 


4,676 | 58.5 || .327 | 19.14 | 


156 ' 167 


Sept., 1918 


4,769 | 60.9 || .408 | 24.85 | 


194 | 217 


March, 1919 


3,862 | 54.2 || .446 | 24.20 | 


212 | 212 



ADDITIONAL DATA 

The addition of data from four establishments furnishing 
figures for 1918 and 1919 only, as shown by the following 
tables, had no appreciable effect on the averages for those years. 
The most important change was that from 44.5 cents to 46.7 
cents in the average hourly earnings of male workers as a 
whole. (See Tables 1 and 4.) 

TABLE 4. Total Payroll Data: Males — 16 Establishments 



Sept., 1918 



10,969 



60.4 



.467 



28.21 



100 



100 



March, 1919 



7,533 



54.4 



.490 



26.62 



105 



94 



TABLE 5. 



Skilled Workers — Timeworkers: Males — 12 Establishments 



Sept., 1918 



2,634 



59.0 



.526 



31.10 



100 



100 



March, 1919 



2,181 



53.8 



.568 



30.58 



108 



98 



TABLE 6. 



Unskilled Workers — Timeworkers : Males — 14 Establishments 



Sept., 1918 



4,979 



61.4 



.409 



25.10 



100 



100 



March, 1919 



4,069 



54.8 



.445 



24.40 



109 



97 



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RAGE ABSOLUTE WEEKLY EARNINGS 
OF MALE AND FEMALE WORKERS 
SED ON TOTAL PAYROLL AVERAGES 

fer to third week of September /9/4-/9i 
and first week of March /9/9 

WEEKLY EARNINGS-MALES 




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99 



X 

WAGES AND COST OF LIVING 

The wage increases discussed in detail in the foregoing 
chapters may now be briefly considered in connection with 
corresponding changes in living costs. As has been 
pointed out, it is beyond the scope of this study to attempt 
a discussion of the adequacy or inadequacy of wages 
prevailing in any period with respect to the maintenance 
of definite standards of living. Such comparisons as may 
be made must therefore be confined to relative changes, 
and Charts 28, 29, 30, and 31 have accordingly been 
prepared on this basis. All curves presented are useful 
only in showing the extent to which the relation between 
wages and living costs existing in 1914 was maintained or 
altered during the war period. 

The cost of living curve on each chart is constructed 
from data already published in a recent report of the 
Board on this subject 1 and represents changes occurring 
in the aggregate cost of the main items of a representative 
wage-earner's budget, namely, food, shelter, clothing, fuel, 
heat and light, and sundries. These items have been 
weighted in accordance with the proportion of wage- 
earner's income normally expended for each group of items. 

The wages curves presented on these charts are repro- 
ductions of those already charted in previous chapters 
and refer to changes in earnings of all male and all female 
workers collectively, in the respective industries covered 
by the investigation. As explained in the introductory 
chapter, averages of weekly earnings should in general 
more accurately reflect the income condition of the wage- 
earner, and should, therefore, be more suitable than 
average hourly earnings for making comparisons with 
changes in the cost of living. 

Chart 28 shows that for the 4^-year period ending in 
March, 1919, the percentage increases in average weekly 
earnings for male workers in the specified industries were 
in each case greater than the increase in the cost of living. 
Thus, whereas the increase in living costs up to that 

1 National Industrial Conference Board Research Report No. 17, p. 29. 

100 



time was 61.3%, the percentage increase in wages of 
male workers in the industries studied were as follows: 
metal manufacturing, 88%; cotton manufacturing, 71%; 
wool manufacturing, 62%; silk manufacturing, 93%; 
boot and shoe manufacturing, 76%; paper manufacturing, 
76%; rubber manufacturing, 110%; chemical manu- 
facturing, 104%. 

Chart 29 gives similar comparisons in weekly earnings 
and changes in living costs for female workers in seven 
industries. Here the percentage increase in wages fre- 
quently was less than the percentage increase in the cost 
of living. Thus, the percentage increases in hourly 
earnings of women workers in the boot and shoe industry 
was 60%, in the paper and rubber industries, 64% and 
61%, respectively, in the wool manufacturing industry 
55%, and in the cotton manufacturing industry, 66%. 
The increases in weekly earnings of women in the metal 
and silk manufacturing industries, however, were con- 
siderably greater than the percentage increases in the 
cost of living. 

The question may fairly be raised as to how far the 
cost of living for wage-earners as a whole should be 
considered as applicable to women alone. This point 
should be borne in mind in studying the comparisons 
just presented. 

While weekly earnings afford a better indication of the 
extent to which increases in wages have kept pace with 
the cost of living from a worker's standpoint, on the other 
hand changes in hourly earnings afford a better indication 
of the extent to which the employer has adjusted wages 
to correspond with changes in living costs. For that 
reason Charts 30 and 31 have been added, which give 
similar comparisons of changes in living costs and changes 
in hourly earnings. These comparisons show that in the 
case of male workers the increases in hourly earnings, 
both for the 4-year period and for the 4^-year period, 
were in every instance greater than the increase in the 
cost of living up to March, 1919. l In the case of women 
workers, however, the percentage increases in hourly 
earnings in a few instances were considerably less than 

1 It should be noted in this connection, as shown in Research Report No. 14, 
that the increase in the cost of living up to November, 1918, was 65.9%, as 
compared with 61.3% in March, 1919. It may also be noted. that the most 
recent study of the Board — that for July, 1919 — shows an increase of 73%. 

101 



the increase in the cost of living. On the other hand, 
there were several instances, in the case of hourly earnings 
of both men and women, where the percentage increases 
were far above the percentage increase in the cost of 
living. 

It may be noted, further, that the charts show, in con- 
trast with the course of weekly earnings, that hourly 
earnings continued to increase between September, 1918, 
and March, 1919, in practically every case. The decreases 
in weekly earnings, as pointed out in the introductory 
chapter, were largely due to the reduction in manufactur- 
ing activity following the signing of the armistice. 

These comparisons show, therefore, that wages in most 
of these industries advanced more, on a percentage basis, 
than the cost of living. This fact indicates that these 
workers were in general able to maintain and even improve 
their standard of living prevailing in 1914. In this connec- 
tion it should be noted that the largest percentage in- 
creases in earnings frequently were in those occupational 
groups in which absolute earnings in 1914 were relatively 
low. It should be emphasized, however, that wages and 
standards of living differed widely within the various 
industries both in 1914 and in 1919, and that comparisons 
of relative values afford no means whereby the adequacy 
of wages or living standards prevailing in either period 
can be determined. Before a satisfactory conclusion could 
be reached on these important questions, comprehensive 
figures of yearly incomes of wage-earners, on the one 
hand, and a vast amount of information relating to the 
actual cost of living, on the other hand, should be as- 
sembled and carefully analyzed. 

In other words, these comparisons simply afford an 
approximate idea of the extent to which the relationship 
between wages and living costs existing at the opening of 
the war was maintained or changed during the succeeding 
4J^ years. 



102 



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106 



XI 

GENERAL SUMMARY 

The broad results of this investigation have already 
been summarized in the introductory chapter of this 
report and the movement of wages in the specified indus- 
tries has been presented in detail in the respective chapters. 
In order to secure a more effective comparison of results 
between different industries and different occupations, 
a brief statement of some major features is presented in 
the following pages. 

Table 1 gives comparisons of percentage increases in 
average hourly earnings of male and female workers in the 
different industries. These percentages are based on 
averages for all workers collectively in these two classes. 
They are presented for the September, 1914, — September, 
1918, and September, 1914, — March, 1919, periods, re- 
spectively, in order that the effects of changes occurring 
during the last six months of the period covered may be 
clearly indicated in their proper perspective. Instead 
of giving index numbers, as in the preceding discussion, 
merely the percentage increases are here shown. The 
index numbers can easily be arrived at by adding 100 in 
each case. 

These figures indicate that, with very few exceptions, 
hourly earnings of male workers increased well over 80% 
for the entire period covered. In the case of female 
workers the percentage increases were, on the average, 
lower than those for men, but in the four industries which 
included a majority of all women reported upon, they were 
frequently greater. It will be noted that, with the single 
exception of women in the wool manufacturing industry, 
these percentage increases in hourly earnings for the entire 
43/2-year period were greater than for the 4-year period 
ending in September, 1918, indicating thai during the 
six months, September, 1918, — March, 1919, hourly 
earnings of women had in practically every case continued 
to increase. 

Table 2 contains similar comparisons of percentage 
increases in weekly earnings in these industries. In the 

107 



case of male workers the percentage increases for the 
4-year period 1914 to 1918 were, in a majority of cases, 
greater than those in hourly earnings, as given in Table 1. 
For the entire 4^-year period, however, the percentage 
increases in weekly earnings were in all but one instance 
less than the corresponding increases in hourly earnings. 
The reason for this is chiefly to be found in the smaller 
number of hours worked in March, 1919; to some extent 
it reflected the generally unsettled condition of industry 
at that time. 

In the case of female workers there was in general less 
difference between the percentage increases in weekly 
earnings and those in hourly earnings. 

As pointed out in the introduction, it should again be 
emphasized that weekly earnings are less reliable in show- 
ing wage trend than are hourly earnings, since the latter 
are less likely to be affected by such factors as labor 
turnover, absenteeism, and overtime. 

A summary comparison of the average hourly earnings 
of male and female workers, respectively, in the industries 
covered by this report, is presented in Charts 32 and 33. 
These charts are intended merely to give a bird's-eye view 
of the relationship of absolute earnings in the several 
industries, the detailed discussion of which has already 
been fully presented in the preceding chapters. 

A summary comparison of the average hourly earnings 
of male workers in all the different occupational groups for 
which data have been given in the preceding chapters 
is presented in Table 3. The groups have been arranged 
in the order of the magnitude of hourly earnings in the 
1919 period. That is to say, the first group noted, 
namely, stitchers in the boot and shoe industry, showed 
a greater average hourly rate of earnings than any other 
group of workers. It is also interesting to note in this 
table that of the first twenty occupations listed, ten 
were in the metal manufacturing industry and eight 
in the boot and shoe industry. These data are also 
shown graphically in Chart 34. 

Table 4 and Chart 35 have been similarly constructed to 
show comparisons of average hourly earnings of women in 
different occupational groups. 

A general feature of these comparisons, as brought out 
in preceding chapters, is that the earnings of females were 

108 



almost universally smaller than for males in the same 
industries; this was true for each of the payroll periods 
included in the survey. The same relationship holds 
generally true of the specified occupational groups. In 
the case of weavers in the cotton and woolen industries 
the average hourly earnings of women differed only 
slightly from those of men. In these occupations, how- 
ever, the weekly earnings of men were, as a rule, decidedly 
larger than those of women. This is chiefly explained 
by the fact that men worked a greater number of hours. 

These comparisons do not permit of any conclusion as 
to how far the policy of "equal pay for equal work" was 
in force in the establishments reporting, since the tasks 
on which women were engaged may not have been the 
same as those of men. The figures simply give an approxi- 
mate idea of the actual amount of earnings of women and 
of men, respectively, in these industries. 

Comparative Earnings of Timeworkers and Piece- 
workers 

In the preceding chapters reference has frequently been 
made to the comparative earnings of timeworkers and 
pieceworkers in certain occupational groups for which 
comparable data were available. In order to epitomize 
the experience on this point, Table 5 has been prepared, 
giving the average hourly earnings in 1914, 1918 and 1919, 
and the percentage increases for the occupational groups 
for which such comparison is possible. 

This table shows that, in the main, percentage increases 
were greater for pieceworkers than for timeworkers. 
This was true for the period September, 1914, to Septem- 
ber, 1918, of all groups in the metal industries, all groups 
in the cotton industry, weavers in the wool and silk 
manufacturing industries, and cutters and lasters in the 
boot and shoe industry. For the entire period from 
September, 1914, to March, 1919, this condition was 
reversed in a few instances, but in the main the statement 
holds true that for male pieceworkers percentage increases 
in earnings were greater than in the case of timeworkers. 
In the case of female workers percentage increases in hourly 
earnings of pieceworkers in the period 1914 to 1918 
were higher than those of timeworkers in six of the 
eight groups enumerated. 

109 



While in a majority of instances the actual earnings of 
pieceworkers were also greater than those of timeworkers, 
the exceptions to this general rule were rather numerous. 

The caution should be repeated that definite conclusions 
as to the productivity of timework and piecework cannot 
be reached from these figures, since there may have 
been material differences in the precise nature of the tasks 
included under a given occupational group. No attempt 
was made to secure details on this point. Some types of 
timework do not permit of speeding up to the same extent 
as is possible in the case of piecework. In any event, 
whatever the reason, the figures show a substantially 
greater percentage increase for piecework than for time- 
work. 

It should be borne in mind, in studying the figures 
presented in this report, that they relate only to the in- 
dustries specified. 



110 



TABLE I : PERCENTAGE INCREASES IN AVERAGE hourly 
EARNINGS OF MALE AND FEMALE WORKERS FOR PERIODS 
SEPTEMBER, I9I4, TO SEPTEMBER, I918, AND SEPTEMBER, 
I9I4, TO MARCH, 1919, IN SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES 

(National Industrial Conference Board) 



Male 


Workers 




Female Workers 




Industry 


Sept. 1914 

to 
Sept. 1918 


Sept. 1914 

to 
Mar. 1919 


Industry 


Sept. 1914 

' to 
Sept. 1918 


Sept. 1914 

to 
Mar. 1919 


Metal 


71 


74 


Metal .... 


107 


111 


Cotton .... 


104 


106 


Cotton .... 


100 


105 


Wool 


97 


88 


Wool .... 


97 


96 


Silk 


88 


97 


Silk 


83 


100 


Boots and Shoes 


67 


85 


Boots and Shoes 


55 


60 


Paper 

Rubber .... 


88 
100 


89 
112 


Paper .... 
Rubber . . . 


66 
42 


68 
68 


Chemical . . . 


92 


111 









TABLE 21 PERCENTAGE INCREASES IN AVERAGE Weekly 
EARNINGS OF MALE AND FEMALE WORKERS FOR PERIODS 
SEPTEMBER, I9I4, TO SEPTEMBER, I918, AND SEPTEMBER, 
I914, TO MARCH, I9I9, IN SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES 

(National Industrial Conference Board) 



Male 


Workers 




Female Workers 






Sept. 1914 


Sept. 1914 




Sept. 1914 


Sept. 1914 


Industry 


to 


to 


Industry 


to 


to 




Sept. 1918 


Mar. 1919 




Sept. 1918 


Mar. 1919 


Metal 


103 


88 


Metal .... 


122 


125 


Cotton .... 


106 


71 


Cotton .... 


100 


66 


Wool 


102 


62 


Wool .... 


89 


55 


Silk 


83 


93 


Silk 


88 


102 


Boots and Shoes 


64 


76 


Boots and Shoes 


55 


60 


Paper 


76 


76 


Paper .... 


87 


64 


Rubber . . , 


104 


110 


Rubber . . . 


40 


61 


Chemical . . . 


109 


104 









111 



TABLE 3 : COMPARISON OF AVERAGE HOURLY EARNINGS 
OF MALE WORKERS IN DIFFERENT OCCUPATIONS IN THE 
I9I4, I918, I9I9 PERIODS 

(National Industrial Conference Board) 



Occupations 



-Pw.) 



1. Stitchers (Boot and Shoe — Pw.) . . . 

2. Coremakers (Metal — Pw.) 

3. Molders (Metal— Pw.) 

4. Finishers (Boot and Shoe — Pw.) . 

5. Patternmakers (Metal — Tw.) .... 

6. Bottomers (Boot and Shoe — Pw.) . . 

7. Molders (Metal— Tw.) 

8. Lasters (Boot and Shoe — Pw.) . . . 

9. Assemblers (Metal — Pw.) 

10. Toolmakers (Metal— Tw.) 

11. Blacksmiths (Metal— Tw.) 

12. Upper Leather Cutters (Boot and Shoe- 

13. Machinists (Metal— Tw.) 

14. Makers (Boot and Shoe — Pw.) 

15. Machine Operators (Metal — Pw.) 

16. Skilled Labor (Chemicals — Tw.) 

17. Sole Leather Cutters (Boot and Shoe — Pw.) 

18. Sorters (Wool— Pw.) 

19. Coremakers (Metal — Tw.) 

20. Upper Leather Cutters (Boot and Shoe — Tw.) 

21. Assemblers (Metal— Tw.) 

22. Machine Tenders (Paper — Tw.) 

23. Loom-fixers (Cotton — Tw.) 

24. Fitters (Boot and Shoe — Pw.) 

25. Unskilled Labor (Silk— Tw.) 

26. Weavers (Wool — Tw.) 

27. Weavers (Silk— Pw.) 

28. Machine Operators (Metal — Tw.) 

29. Weavers (Wool— Pw.) 

30. Unskilled Labor (Chemicals — Tw.) 

31. Beatermen (Paper — Tw.) 

32. Sole Leather Cutters (Boot and Shoe — Tw.) 

33. Unskilled Labor (Metal— Tw.) 

34. Foundry Labor (Metal— Tw.) 

35. Finishers and Cuttermen (Paper — Tw.) . . . 

36. Weavers (Silk — Tw.) 

37. Reelers, Winders and Spoolers (Wool — Tw.) . 

38. Calendermen (Paper — Tw.) 

39. Calendermen (Rubber — Tw.) 

40. Unskilled Labor (Rubber— Tw.) 

41. Unskilled Labor (Wool — Tw.) 

42. Warpers (Silk — Tw.) 

43. Miscellaneous Labor (Paper — Tw.) 

44. Spinners (Cotton — -Pw.) 

45. Makers (Rubber— Tw.) 

46. Spinners (Wool — Tw.) 

47. Rag Sorters (Paper — Tw.) 

48. Weavers (Cotton — Pw.) 



Average Hourly Earnings 



September September 
1914 1918 



.365 
.304 
.309 
.330 
.380 
.340 
.363 
.315 
.307 
.356 
.328 
.331 
.324 
.324 
.325 
.300 
.271 
.296 
.297 
.289 
.307 
.309 
.262 
.274 
.251 
.252 
.216 
.265 
.225 
.210 
.232 
.254 
.216 
.218 
.227 
.302 
.201 
.204 
.225 
.205 
.201 
.226 
.202 
.190 
.191 
.182 
.206 
.198 



$ .628 



.666 
.540 
.603 
.570 
.606 
.562 
.558 
.557 
.557 
.559 
.572 
.555 
.551 
.526 
.469 
.586 
.518 
.499 
.502 
.530 
.514 
.482 
.472 
.521 
.441 
.454 
.472 
.408 
.440 
.405 
.438 
.431 
.407 
.433 
.418 
.403 
.375 
.388 
.384 
.375 
.465 
.422 
.361 
.407 
.405 
.417 



March 
1919 



.687 
.651 
.642 
.638 
.638 
.626 
.621 
.612 
.603 
.594 
.592 
.591 
.587 
.586 
.577 
.574 
.552 
.552 
.541 
.539 
.530 
.520 
.505 
.486 
.477 
.471 
.467 
.461 
.457 
.446 
.440 
.428 
.426 
.425 
.420 
.419 
.417 
.414 
.409 
.409 
.406 
.406 
.406 
.401 
.398 
.394 
.392 
.389 



112 



table 3 — {continued) : comparison of average 

HOURLY EARNINGS OF MALE WORKERS IN DIFFERENT 
OCCUPATIONS IN THE I9I4, I918, I919 PERIODS 

(National Industrial Conference Board) 



Occupations 



-TV.: 



49. Weavers (Cotton — Tw.) 

50. Finishers (Wool — Tw.) . 

51. Carders (Wool — Tw.) 

52. Finishers (Boot and Shoe- 

53. Carders (Cotton — Pw.) 

54. Lasters (Boot and Shoe — Tw.) . . 

55. Spoolers, Warpers, Twisters (Cotton- 

56. Dyers (Wool — Tw.) 

57. Miscellaneous Labor (Boot and Shoe- 

58. Carders (Cotton — Tw.) 

59. Unskilled Labor (Cotton — Tw.) . . 

60. Openers and Pickers (Cotton — Tw.) 

61. Spinners (Cotton — Tw.) 

62. Spinners (Wool — Pw.) 



-Tw 



Average Hourly Earnings 



Sept. 
1914 



-Tw.) 



.186 
.215 
.177 
.217 
.187 
.226 
.176 
.175 
.215 
.172 
.177 
.158 
.166 
.162 



Sept. 
1918 



.377 
.391 
.376 
.357 
.437 
.368 
.349 
.351 
.317 
.377 
.340 
.339 
.339 
.345 



March 
1919 



.389 
.385 
.384 
.383 
.380 
.373 
.361 
.356 
.352 
.352 
.351 
.349 
.343 
.329 



113 



TABLE 4: COMPARISON OF AVERAGE HOURLY EARNINGS 
OF FEMALE WORKERS IN DIFFERENT OCCUPATIONS IN 
THE I9I4, I9l8, I919 PERIODS 

(National Industrial Conference Board) 



Occupations 



Average Hourly Earnings 



September 
1914 



September 
1918 



-Pw.) 



-Pw.) 



1. Finishers (Wool — Pw.) . 

2. Weavers (Wool— Pw.) . 

3. Weavers (Silk — Pw.) . . 

4. Weavers (Cotton— Pw.) 

5. Fitters (Boot and Shoe - 

6. Weavers (Cotton — Tw.) 

7. Reelers, Winders, and Spoolers (Wool- 

8. Spinners (Cotton — Pw.) 

9. Spinners (Wool — Pw.) 

10. Carders (Cotton — Pw.) 

11. Spoolers, Warpers and Twisters (Cotton — Pw.) 

12. Upper Leather Cutters (Boot and Shoe — Tw.) 

13. Drawers (Wool — Tw.) 

14. Warpers (Silk — Pw.) 

15. Carders (Wool — Tw.) 

16. Spinners (Cotton — Tw.) 

17. Reelers, Winders and Spoolers (Wool — Tw.) 

18. Spinners (Wool — Tw.) 

19. Finishers (Wool — Tw.) 

20. Finishers and Cuttermen (Paper — Tw.) . . . 

21. Fitters (Boot and Shoe — Tw.) 

22. Rag Sorters (Paper — Tw.) 

23. Drawers (Cotton — Tw.) 

24. Spoolers (Cotton — Tw.) 

25. Winders (Silk— Pw.) 

26. Rag Sorters (Paper — Pw.) 

27. Winders (Silk— Tw.) 

28. Unskilled Laborers (Cotton — Tw.) 

29. Carders (Cotton — Tw.) 

30. Quillers (Silk— Tw.) 



.215 
.201 
.154 
.155 
.195 
.190 
.172 
.141 
.157 
.161 
.150 
.173 
.146 
.146 
.137 
.135 
.129 
.136 
.176 
.142 
.181 
.131 
.139 
.134 
.129 
.142 
.154 
.130 
.117 
.112 



.421 
.392 
.322 
.364 
.336 
.347 
.314 
.306 
.320 
,303 
.288 
.271 
.286 
.262 
.296 
.278 
.277 
.295 
.274 
.271 
.233 
.274 
.276 
.233 
.229 
.318 
.230 
.254 
.218 
.200 



March 
1919 



$.442 
.418 
.353 
.352 
.350 
.342 
.331 
.323 
.315 
.310 
.302 
.296 
.296 
.294 
.291 
.289 
.283 
.281 
.280 
.276 
.272 
.270 
.269 
.268 
.268 
.257 
.248 
.237 
.237 
.221 



114 



TABLE 5 I COMPARISONS OF AVERAGE ACTUAL HOURLY 

EARNINGS AND OF PERCENTAGE CHANGES IN EARNINGS OF 
TIME AND PIECEWORKERS 

(National Industrial Conference Board) 



>> 


Occupation 


' Mai 


3S 




Females 




Hourly Earnings 


Percentage 
Increases 


Hourly Earnings 


Percentage 
Increases 


G 

H- 1 


1914 


1918 


1919 


1914 

to 
1918 


1914 

to 
1919 


1914 


1918 


1919 


1914 

to 
1918 


1914 

to 
1919 


M 


Coremakers . . 


| Time 
l Piece 


.297 
.304 


.518 

.688 


.541 
.651 


74 
126 


82 
114 












M 


Assemblers . . 


i Time 
1 Piece 


.307 
.307 


.502 

.558 


.530 
.603 


64 

81 


73 

96 












M 


Mach. operators 


i Time 
' Piece 


.265 
.325 


.454 
.551 


.461 

.577 


71 

70 


74 
78 












M 


Molders . . . < 


Time 
Piece 


.363 
.309 


.606 
.666 


.621 
.642 


67 
115 


71 

108 












C 


Spinning . . . < 


Time 
Piece 


.166 
.190 


.339 
.422 


.343 
.401 


105 

122 


107 
111 


.135 
.141 


.278 
.306 


.289 
.323 


107 
117 


114 

129 


C 


Carding . . . < 


Time 
Piece 


.172 

.187 


.377 
.437 


.352 
.380 


119 
134 


105 
103 


.117 
.161 


.218 
.303 


.237 
.310 


86 

88 


103 
93 


c 


Weavers . . . < 


Time 
Piece 


.186 
.198 


.377 

.417 


.389 
.389 


103 
111 


109 

97 


.190 
.155 


.347 
.364 


.342 
.352 


83 
135 


80 
127 


w 


Spinning . . . < 


Time 
Piece 


.182 
.162 


.407 
.345 


.394 
.329 


124 
113 


117 
103 


.136 
.157 


.295 
.320 


.281 
.315 


117 
104 


107 
101 


w 


Weaving . . . - 


i Time 
1 Piece 


.252 

.225 


.521 
.472 


.471 
.457 


107 
110 


87 
103 












s 


Weaving . . . 


i Time 
1 Piece 


.302 
.216 


.433 
.441 


.419 
.469 


43 
104 


39 
116 












s 


Winding . . . - 


Time 
Piece 












.154 
.129 


.230 
.229 


.248 
.268 


49 

78 


61 
108 


B 


Upper leather 
cutting . . . 


Time 
. Piece 


.289 
.331 


.499 
.559 


.539 
.591 


73 
69 


87 
78 












B 


Sole leather . . < 


Time 
. Piece 


.254 
.271 


.405 
.469 


.428 
.552 


60 
73 


69 
104 












B 


Lasting . . . * 


Time 
. Piece 


.226 
.315 


.368 
.562 


.373 
.612 


63 

78 


65 
94 












B 


Finishing . . . 


i Time 
Piece 


.217 
.330 


.357 
.540 


.383 
.638 


65 
64 


77 
93 












B 


Fitting . . . . - 


1 Time 
[ Piece 












.181 
.195 


.233 
.336 


.272 
.350 


29 

72 


50 
80 


W 


Reeling, Wind- 
ing, Spooling 


Time 
. Piece 












.129 
.172 


.277 
.314 


.283 
.331 


115 

83 


119 
92 


W 


Finishing . . . • 


Time 
Piece 












.176 
.215 


.274 
.421 


.280 
.442 


56 
96 


59 

106 



M — Metal; W— Woolen; C— Cotton; S— Silk; B— Boots and Shoes. 

115 



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Q 
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HflOH «3d S1N33 



116 






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117 



Chart 34, National Industrial Conference Board, Research Report No. 20 

COMPARISON OF AVERAGE HOURLY EARNINGS 

OF MALE WORKERS IN DIFFERENT OCCUPATIONS 

IN THE 1914, 1988 AND 1919 PERIODS 

(/9/9 averages arranped in order of magnitude) 

■ 1914 IB 1918 SS 1919 

NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL CONFERENCE BOARD 



Averages derived from payrolls of the third week of September 1914 and 1316 and first week of March 19/9 

CENTS PER HOUR 
10 20 30 40 50 80 70 



I STITCHERS 

Boot and Shoe Piecework 

2 COREMAKERS 

Metal Piecework 

3 M0LDER8 

Metal Piecework 

4 FINISHERS 

Boot and Shoe Piecework 

5 PATTERNMAKERS 

Metal Timework 

6 B0TT0MER8 

Boot and Shoe Piecework 

7 MOLDERS 

Metal Timework 

8 LASTERS 

Boot and Shoe Piecework 

9 ASSEMBLERS 

Me tal Piecework 

I T00LMAKER8 

Metal Timework 

I I BLACKSMITHS 

Metal Ttmework 

I 2 UPPER LEATHER CUTTERS 

Boot and Shoe , Piecework 



I 3 MACHINISTS 

Metal 

I 4 MAKER8 

Boot and Shoe, 



Piecework 



I 5 MACHINE OPERATORS 

Metal Piecework 



] 




: 




m. *: ':?■ ■ » '. C:' - 7Z ::•■ v^f / >■• ## &?& ^'-< ^ v'^'AI 




o iz.z~t .~ . .r .""..L'." 1 .." ''\v;.^:^i 




;;; ;;. :. :.; T'~, ":■;;■ : zn:-^,^^?;^ 




\ ~~ : \ T) 




: IT.' 'J :Z : :':Z: , : :: ::r: ; : ; f£:' ; v::'rE-2LM2^Z' : S! 




Timework ffv.tr..:-, . ,«.,,•",, — . . . , ■ , ■- , , — i 




:: : : : ::.:: m £^Ei^:rm z z i 



118 



Chart 34 — (continued) 
National Industrial Conference Board, Research Report No. 20 

AVERAGE HOURLY EARNINGS OF MALE WORKERS -CONTINUED 



1914 



1918 BS 1919 



NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL CONFERENCE BOARD 

CENTS PER HOUR 
10 20 30 40 BO 60 



1 6 SKILLED LABOR 

Chemical Timework 

I 7 SOLE LEATHER CUTTERS 

Boot and •Shoe Piecework 



18 SORTERS 

Wool 

19 COREMAKERS 

Metal 



Piecework 



■y , ■:><■■ .- ' . r -.--\i- . ■:■■■..- ' • .■■■•.. ■--. ' ■,-.: . "»■ ■ ' .j-ij-."-,y -,'- ' .yi 

Timework "■'?- , ; v i^,.^.:di --v-., , ■ ■:',:■■ '■ ■-'-^■■•: ■ f- ->'■•- T^L^a 



20 UPPER LEATHER CUTTERS 

So of and <S hoe Timework 



21 ASSEMBLERS 

Metal 



Timework 



22 MACHINE TENDERS 

fyjper Timework 



23 LOOM FIXERS 

Cotton 

24 FITTERS 

Boot and Shoe 



Timework 



3 1 BEATERMEN 

Paper. 



32 SOLE LEATHER CUTTERS 

Boot and Shoe Timework 




Piecework 



25 UNSKILLED LABOR 

■Silk Timework 

26 WEAVERS 

Wool 

27 WEAVERS 

28 MACHINE OPERATORS 

/Weta/ Timework p ; P^^"^0 : ";! il^I^^ ^ 

23 WEAVER9 



30 UNSKILLED LABOR 

Chemical Timework 



Timework 



119 



Chart 34 {continued) 
National Industrial Conference Board, Research Report No. 20 

AVERAGE HOURLY EARNINGS OF MALE WORKERS -CONTINUED 

■I 1914 m 1918 88 1919 



NATIONAL. INDUSTRIAL CONFERENCE BOARD 



CENTS PER HOUR 
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 



3 3 UNSKILLED LABOR 

Metal Timework 

3 4 FOUNDRY LABOR 

Metal Timework 

35 FINISHERS AND CUTTERMEN 

Paper Timework 



3 6 WEAVERS 

Silk 



Timework 



3 7 REELERS, WINDERS AND SPOOLERS 

Wool Timework 

3 8 CALENDERMEN 

Paper Timewor k 

3 9 CALENDERMEN 

Rubber Timework 

40 UNSKILLED LABOR 

Rubber Timework 

41 UNSKILLED LABOR 

Wool Timework 



42 WARPERS 

Silk 



Ti me work 



43 MISCELLANEOUS LABOR 

Paper Timework 



44 SPINNERS 

Cot ton 



45 MAKER8 

Rubber Timework 

46 SPINNERS 

Wool Timework 

47 RAG SORTERS 

Paper Tim ewor k 

48 WEAVERS 

Cotton Piecework 

49 WEAVERS 

Cotton Timework 




Piecework ■■ ■'■?l-'' —-, -'■'' '■ ■ : ^ ; ; : --v' :: - : " "'-■'■ : ■'■'''■■ ■' , 'i 



120 



Chart 34 {continued) 
National Industrial Conference Board, Research Report No. 20 

AVERAGE HOURLY EARNINGS OF MALE WORKERS -CONTINUED 

H 1914 E3 1918 ffl 1919 



5 FINISHERS 

Wool 

5 1 CARDERS 

Wool 

52 FINISHERS 

Boot and Shoe 

53 CARDERS 

Cot ton 

54LASTERS 

Boo t and Sho& 



NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL CONFERENCE BOARO 

CENTS PER HOUR 
10 20 30 40 50 



Timework 



Timework 



Timework 



Piecework 



Timework 



55 SPOOLERS, WARPERS AND TWISTERS 

Cotton Time work 



56 DYERS 

Wool 



Timework 



57 MISCELLANEOUS LA60R 

Boot and Shoe Timework 



58 CARDERS 

Cotton 



Timework 



5 9 UNSKILLED LABOR 

Cotton Timework 

60 0PENER9 AND PICKERS 

Cotton Timework H" -. w : ^U ^ i-^'W::iCMT^ 



6 I SPINNERS 

Cotton 

62 SPINNERS 

Wool 



Timework 



Piecework 




60 70 




121 



Chart 35, National Industrial Conference Board, Research Report No. 20 

COMPARISON OF AVERAGE HOURLY EARNINGS 
OF FEMALE WORKERS IN DIFFERENT OCCUPATIONS 
IN THE 1914,1988 AND 1919 PERIODS 

(/9/9 arerage-3 arranged in order of magnitude) 

■ 1914 m 1918 Effi 1919 

NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL CONFERENCE BOARD 



Averages derived from payrolls of the third week of September 1914 and 19/d ana first week of March f9/9 

CENTS PER HOUR 
10 20 30 40 60 60 70 



I FINISHERS 

Wool 

2 WEAVERS 
Wool 

3 WEAVERS 

Silk 

4 WEAVERS 
Cotton 

5 FITTERS 

Boot and Shoe 

6 WEAVERS 

Cotton 



Piecework 




Piecework 




Piecework mmm$$mm*mmim^ 



piecework ^mmkmmMmmmmm 



Piecework K BM® 



Timework 



7 REELERS. WINDERS! SPOOLERS 

Wool Piecework 



8 SPINNERS 

Co t ton 

9 SPINNERS 

rVoo/ 

CARDERS 

Cotton 




Piecework 



Piecework ^ra«B ■-.■-.:.'■: 




Piecework Wk mmm 



I SPOOLERS, WARPERS AND TWISTERS 

carton Piecework mmmmrnmmm 



I 2 UPPER LEATHER CUTTERS 

Boot and Shoe Timework 



13 DRAWERS 

Wool 

14 WARPERS 

Silk 

15 CARDERS 
Wool 



Timework 



Piecework 




Timework ML "^B— 



122 



Chart 35 {continued) , National Industrial Conference Board, Research Report No. 20 

AVERAGE HOURLY EARNINGS OF FEMALE WORKERS -CONTINUED 

■ 1914 E3 1916 8S 1919 



NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL CONFERENCE BOARD 



CENT9 PER HOUR 

20 30 40 50 



60 70 



16 SPINNERS 

Cotton 



Time work 



I 7 REELERS. WINDERS AND SPOOLERS 

Wooi Time work 



18 SPINNERS 

Wool, 

19 FINISHERS 

Wool 



TimeworH 



20 FINISHERS AND CUTTERMEN 

Paper Time work 



2 1 FITTERS 

Boot and ■Shoe 

22 R AC SORTERS 

Paper 

23 DRAWERS 

Co t ton 

24 SPOOLERS 

Cotton 

25 WINDERS 

yS//A 

26 RAG SORTERS 

Paper 

27 WINDERS 



T/'mework 



Timework 



Piecework 



28 UN8KILLED LABOR 

Cotton Time work 



29 CARDERS 

Cotton 

30 QUILLERS 

'Si/A 



Tim e work 



Timework 



r:i.»-J?..--Y,ii* 




m m& nummi 




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^^^^^^gj^ 



.: "" 





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Time work g aa tS .■i&aasaai 



L_ ■ Z, l liiimiiii 




123 



APPENDIX 

In the following tables comparisons of some of the 
averages of earnings presented in the foregoing chapters 
have been made with figures assembled by other agencies. 
These comparisons have been made for the purpose of 
showing that, although the basis of experience represented 
in the Board's data for certain industries was relatively 
narrow, the averages do not differ greatly from those 
obtained by other investigators dealing with larger 
numbers of establishments and employees. 

The agencies supplying data most suitable for compari- 
son are the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, the 
National Metal Trades Association, and the National 
Association of Cotton Manufacturers. The statistics 
obtained from these sources differ, however, in certain 
respects from those assembled in the Board's study. 
Those of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, 
for example, representing weekly per capita earnings, 
give figures for the combined earnings of male and female 
workers. The data prepared by the National Metal 
Trades Association represents a different period of the 
year in each case from that upon which the Board's 
figures were based. The averages derived from the data 
of the National Association of Cotton Manufacturers 
represent full-time earnings and they furthermore corre- 
spond to only three of the six periods represented in the 
Board's investigation. 

Table 1 shows a comparison of average weekly earnings 
in specified industries of men and women combined, 
as computed from the National Industrial Conference 
Board's data with similar figures published by the United 
States Bureau of Labor Statistics. The comparison 
includes the cotton, wool, silk, boot and shoe, and paper 
manufacturing industries. The figures from the two 
sources probably agree as closely as could be reasonably 
expected, since averages of weekly earnings always reflect 
the influence of overtime, absenteeism, etc., and conse- 
quently depend upon the number of hours actually 
worked. It should be observed that the United States 
Bureau of Labor Statistics averages are in every case 

124 



based on substantially larger numbers of establishments 
and employees than are those of the Board. 

Table 2 is a comparison of the Board's averages of 
hourly earnings in certain occupational groups in metal 
manufacturing with similar data assembled by the 
National Metal Trades Association. The latter averages 
were based on returns in the early part of each year and 
this probably largely accounts for the fact that they are 
lower than the Board's corresponding figures in almost 
every instance up to 1918. This explanation is supported 
by the fact that the 1919 figures of the two sources based 
on averages of approximately the same time of year are 
in closer agreement than those of the earlier years. 

Table 3 is a comparison of average hourly earnings in 
certain occupational groups in cotton manufacturing 
as assembled by the National Association of Cotton 
Manufacturers with the Board's averages for these 
groups. While comparable data were available from 
this source for only three years, namely, 1914, 1915 and 
1916, the figures so far as they go agree fairly well with the 
Board's averages for those years. Considering the very 
much larger number of establishments and employees 
represented in the figures of the National Association of 
Cotton Manufacturers, and the fact that the wages data 
refer to full-time earnings while those of the Board are 
averages of actual earnings, the closeness of the agreement 
is all the more noteworthy. 



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128 



I-. u U I- »H 



Publications 

of the 

National Industrial Conference Board 

15 Beacon Street, Boston, Mass. 



Research Report No. 1. Workmen's Compensation Acts in the United 
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